tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83584666079661519562024-03-14T00:49:38.128-07:00Writing essays for kidsTopic For GirlsJerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-200595058202092142020-08-25T20:31:00.001-07:002020-08-25T20:31:04.882-07:00Overview Of Electronic Funds Transfer Marketing EssayDiagram Of Electronic Funds Transfer Marketing Essay Dynamic My proposal depends on the E-banking innovation in which buyers can procure increasingly great, all the more quickly and fast financial administrations from the customized financial framework. This innovation has additionally been executed by the worldwide banks just as by banks in Pakistan to give efficient and effective administrations to their special purchasers. The goal of this theory is surrendered to unchain the significance that Pakistani banks are related with this type of e-banking innovation that is being executed by the banks for offering the electronic types of assistance to the purchasers and in what degree this innovation is critical to clients. This exploration work will likewise help to close whether the e-banking administrations are increasingly great, all the more quickly and brisk financial administrations. Part 1 Presentation AND BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION At the point when Internet has gone into our day by day life, the most components of our lives, for example, training, correspondence, business, and so forth, were dominated by this novel wonder. One of these measurements is to deal with banking issues through the Internet (Shirali Shahreza, 2007). As indicated by (Richard Nyangosi Arora, Sumanjeet Singh, 2009) banking through electronic channels has increased a lot of fame as of late. This framework, prevalently known as e-banking, gives quicker conveyance of banking administrations to a wide scope of clients. Data innovation is turning into a significant factor later on advancement of money related administrations industry, and particularly in banking industry (Nami. M. R, 2009). In current business situations, clients utilizing the administrations results of the banks need better decision. (Avkiran, 1999) focused on the significance of the human touch in the client administrations. The ability of banking staff can be relied upon to legitimately influence the clients fulfillment. Be that as it may, e-banking advancements can help in better understanding clients needs and modifying the administrations/items as indicated by their requirements. In the new period there is a need of bank clients to get improved electronic financial administrations and furthermore better relations with the investors. It is additionally the need of time to offer proficient types of assistance/items to the clients. In Pakistan be that as it may, such sort of electronic banking has begun as of late. Internet banking framework present to their shoppers a lot of data related advantages that favors to receive e-banking, including the office for the clients to control their ledgers whenever and wherever, and to get to data content for settling on speculation and financing choices (Howcroft B, 2002). Because of the opposition among the banks in Pakistan, the banks need to offer the types of assistance, which are increasingly proficient, quick and upgraded the financial framework. In this way, the goal of e-banking is to make such workplace where clients can without much of a stretch find about the data they require for performing money related exchanges. 1.1.1 Definition of E-Banking Electronic banking, known as Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), it is fundamentally the utilization of electronic techniques or intends to move cash electronically legitimately starting with one record then onto the next record, instead of money or check. We can utilize electronic subsidizes move for: 1. We can pull back cash by an ATM machine with an individual ID number (PIN), for our benefit at day or night. We can direct our bank or credit association to take care of consequently month to month utility tabs from our record, or our car advance even our home loan installment. 2. We can purchase food, fuel for our own vehicle, and different products at the buying point, utilizing a Mastercard as opposed to money. 3. We can utilize a prepaid brilliant card installed for our day by day buying like compensation telephone, cost costs, every day school cost or any book shops. 1.2 BACKGROUND The undeniably change in overall seriousness in business practices has improved the volume of bank on the planet. It has created extra financial information and furthermore improved client request of administrations given by banks. This upheaval has set a movement in the financial division for the arrangement of an installment framework that is perfect with the requests of the electronic market (Balachandher, 2001). For the sake of expanded rivalry, numerous banks and association didn't just lessen their expenses yet they have likewise expanded their items. Innovation has changed the preconditions for administration conveyance, drastically lately (Fredriksson, 2003). The banks are the monetary establishments to give purchasers reserve funds administrations, cash transmission administrations and credit administrations (Sinkey, 1990). In different terms, banks are worried about safe exchange and assortment of the executives capacities. In such manner the primary object of the banks is to making benefits and giving best administrations to their clients. Clients are anxious to a banks conduct on the grounds that the clients are the most critical reason for a banks store and income creation. These clients may either be a solitary individual or gathering of an individual or association. As per (Chaudhury Kuilboer, 2002) the capability of offering inventive types of assistance over the Web is restricted distinctly by ones creative mind. Online administrations, particularly banking administrations, are getting progressively appealing and option in contrast to visiting administration outlets or call communities for expanding their clients. In this manner it become simple for the clients to incline toward online administrations (Szymanski Hise, 2000), feel more in charge of the administration procedure (Bateson, 2000) to stay away from human contact with efficient (Meuter M.L. 2000). In Pakistan in any case, banking associations have been centered around reproach for not given to their clients with unique and reasonable financial administrations. Subsequently, the result that a few clients, think that its appropriate to keep their cash or holds at home than the banks. Studies will complete by two well known banks working in Pakistan, which have explored and applied mechanized innovation for the conveyance of banking administrations. Despite the fact that, banking organization has deferred to execute PC innovation in banking works out. Various investigations have presumed that IT effectsly affects bank administrations conveyance to clients, bank efficiency, clerks work, banking exchange and banking speculation. Along these lines, these effectsly affect the development of banking framework (Balachandher, 2001). Also, conveyance the top notch administrations is a route for the banking to improve their associations with their clients. By the Delivering great administrations, banks can accomplish consumer loyalty and through consumer loyalty banks can increase steadfast clients (Grã ¶nroos, 2000). Due to the profoundly undifferentiated administrations and items, monetary associations explicitly banks become fundamental apparatus for contending in this commercial center (Kim J.K, Han, Choi Kim S.H. 1998). Much examination has been done about the nature of administrations and client prerequisites in the conventional financial condition, where individual connection between the clients and the bank workers happens (Oppewal Vriens, 2000). Along these lines, this is significant for the web based financial administrations suppliers to turn out to be progressively skilled about the clients impression of the internet banking administrations quality. Then again the clients additionally have more desires and request when they are utilizing e-banking administrations either the administrations are agreeable or not. Since it is very simpler for clients to assess and analyze the advantages of contending administrations (Santos, 2003). 1.3 PROBLEMS DISCUSSION The investigation about e-banking adjustment has increased exceptional consideration during the most recent decade concerning occasion; banking diaries have committed unique issues on the point (Waite Harrison, 2002). There were a ton of complaints over the deferrals in customary financial administrations, withdrawals and postponement in preparing. Time is cash yet the clients need to hang tight for quite a while of their chance in the bank for any financial office. Some time even from a remote zone a client needs to head out to the concerned branch for any sort of exchange. On the end hours it turns out to be increasingly destructive in the event that anybody need make a business bargain for installment. Having the electronic tasks and computerized teller machine; it has made it simple that the banks would enact their e-units to help the web based financial administrations. In Pakistan, manual-banking framework was performing underneath standard administrations to the clients and it might be influenced on the clients support. Exchanges of the cash from one manual bank to the next can take five to ten days. Some time, when the motivation behind moving the cash has practically dead. Now and again businesspeople need to drop their business bargains because of the inaccessibility of the money moving office in time in conventional financial framework where administrations are as delayed as non-secure, non-agreeable. So as to fulfill clients needs, numerous banks develop their set through sites and Internet that offer the types of assistance and data to clients and the better help can assist with getting higher gainfulness. With the investigations of IT in significant, that would put a constructive outcome on bank efficiency, clerks work, banking exchange, bank backing, and conveyance of bank administration. These effectsly affect the development of banking (Yasuharu, 2003). Presently Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is giving broadband, which has empowered the clients to embrace the e-benefits rather than manual banking on the grounds that these are a lot of effective and precise. In Pakistan there is low education pace of workingwoman that are in administration. However, presently youthful taught age particularly lady are attempting to land positions and partaking in country building and economy and they need to utilize the financial administrations. In this way the e-banking administrations will help and fulfill them with respect to their desires for effective, precise administrations. As of late, numerous neighborhood banks in Pakistan have utilized the online s Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-8129882430399562732020-08-22T05:44:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:44:09.183-07:00Gertrude of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Hamlet Essay -- Character of GertrudeThe Gertrude of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Hamlet à à â â Is Gertrude, in the Shakespearean dramatization Hamlet, a drag? A killerââ¬â¢s assistant? The ideal sovereign? A sham? This paper will address numerous inquiries concerning Claudiusââ¬â¢ accomplice on the Danish seat. à In her paper, ââ¬Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging,â⬠Ruth Nevo clarifies how the heroââ¬â¢s negative standpoint toward Gertrude impacts his mentality toward Ophelia: à While it is accurately his absolute powerlessness to know her [Ophelia], or besides himself, that the scene, in this dramatically less difficult view, would permit us to see as the focal point of his anguish. He is tormented definitely by questions, not by affirmations. What's more, how in fact would it be a good idea for him to know what Ophelia is? It is safe to say that she is cherishing and devoted to him in spite of parental power? Or on the other hand consistent to the last mentioned and in this way bogus to him? What has she been told about him? Is he not testing her with his hyperbolic statement: à I am extremely pleased, vindictive, yearning; with a larger number of offenses at my back than I have musings to placed them in, creative mind to give them shape, or time to act them in? à His mom has inclined him to trust in womenââ¬â¢s deceptiveness, has delivered in him an aversion from sex and the tricks of sex; he couldn't draw Opheliaââ¬â¢s face by his examination; she has declined his letters and denied him get to; presently restores his blessings. What type of mischievous cheating will he anticipate? (49-50) à At the beginning of the disaster Hamlet seems wearing serious dark. His mom, Gertrude, is evidently upset by this and solicitations of him: à à â â â Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted shading off, à â â â And let thine eye resemble a companion on Denmark. à â â â Do not for ever with thy vailed... ...loom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972. à Pitt, Angela. ââ¬Å"Women in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Tragedies.â⬠Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Excerpted from Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981. à Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/village/full.html à Smith, Rebecca. ââ¬Å"Gertrude: Scheming Adulteress or Loving Mother?â⬠Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Wear Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of ââ¬Å"Hamletâ⬠: A Userââ¬â¢s Guide. New York: Limelight Editions, 1996. à Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. ââ¬Å"Shakespeare.â⬠Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992. à Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-81576600198859502012020-08-09T01:25:00.001-07:002020-08-09T01:25:04.235-07:00SitkaSitka Sitka sit ´k? [key], city (1990 pop. 8,588), Sitka census div., SE Alaska, in the Alexander Archipelago, on Baranof Island; inc. 1971. Fishing, its first industry, remains important; salmon, halibut, red snapper, crab, herring, abalone, and clams are caught. There are canneries, and tourism is also economically significant. Sitka was founded (1799) by Aleksandr Baranov . Destroyed by Tlingits in 1802, the settlement was rebuilt as Novoarkhangelsk and became the flourishing capital of Russian America. There, in 1867, the United States officially took possession of Alaska from Russia. Renamed after the purchase of Alaska, Sitka remained the capital until 1900. The Univ. of Alaska Southeast campus and Sheldon Jackson College are in the city. Points of interest include Sitka National Historical Park, scene of a decisive battle (1804) between the Russians and the Tlingit; the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Michael (built 1844â"48); and Castle Hill, site of the transfer of Alaska to the United States, which is commemorated by the annual Alaska Day Festival in October. State logging championships are also held in Sitka. Mt. Edgecumbe, on an island to the west, can be seen from Sitka's harbor. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-12540896865051886182020-05-23T14:00:00.001-07:002020-05-23T14:00:07.172-07:00Is Media Violence To Blame Essay - 528 Words Is Media Violence To Blame? Today, there is more violence on TV, in video games and in music than ever before. Many times, media violence is linked with kids and teenagers committing violent acts. This is an attempt by parents and critics to eliminate violence in the media. Although, many think media violence is a cause of violence among children, they should be looking at what else causes violence. Many people believe media violence is not good and that it makes kids aggressive. Laboratory studies found that children who see violent programs, are more likely to be more aggressive than those who watch non-violent programs (ââ¬Å"Doesnââ¬â¢t Cause Violenceâ⬠). When people hear that, they believe children should not watch violent television shows.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦If a parent is aggressive toward their kids, the kid will also act aggressive (ââ¬Å"Videodromeâ⬠). Kids acting out their aggression causes them to commit acts of violence. Also, many parents do not monitor what their children are watching (ââ¬Å"Doesnââ¬â¢t Cause Violenceâ⬠). The parent should take the time to see what their children are watching, listening to or playing. If parents monitored what kids watched they would not blame the media. Mostly, parents should be more responsible and see what their kids are doing. There are many other factors causing violence with teen and children. One thing that could cause violence is growing up in a bad environment. If kids are always seeing violence in their surroundings, that will make violence seem okay to do so (ââ¬Å"Doesnââ¬â¢t Cause Violenceâ⬠). Seeing violence in real life affects kids more than a television show. Another thing that could lead to violence, are kids with low self esteem (ââ¬Å"Videodromeâ⬠). When they do something violent, they may just be looking for attention. That kind of aggression does not come from watching TV, it is just part of who they are (ââ¬Å"Videodromeâ⬠). People should look at what the real cause of violence is. There are many factors that cause violence, other than what kids watch, listen to or play. Parents and critics of violence think, because there are studies done in labs that they are right. If those people looked at what else is going on, they would not have to blame the media.Show MoreRelatedYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame?1514 Words à |à 7 PagesYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? COM/156 07/27/13 Mallory Dunkley Youth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? Not all children who watch violent programming get in trouble with the law; some feel that there is a strong direct link between the two. There is a good deal of compelling data that suggests that there is a direct link between the media and youth violence. Throughout our history, the media has and can influence people in different ways but the more obvious questionRead More Violence in the Media is Not to Blame for the Effect on Children1158 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Effect of Violence in the Media on Children Television, movies, and video games are a big part of childrenââ¬â¢s lives in todayââ¬â¢s technologically advanced society. However, there is a big controversy questioning the effects of these media outlets on children. Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. I feel that society has placed the blame on these mediums forRead MoreThe Media is not to Blame for the Violence in Society Essay698 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Media is not to Blame for the Violence in Society People are quick to blame violence in our society on television, movies or video games because they are simple believable targets. 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Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. I feel that society has placed the blame on these mediums for the violent acts, however serious or trivial, that children commit way too easily, before they even beginRead MoreViolence in Television, Movies, and Video Games Should Not Be Censored1653 Words à |à 7 PagesVIOLENCE IN TELEVISION, MOVIES, AND VIDEO GAMES SHOULD NOT BE CENSORED Television, movies, and video games have a great influence on the minds of todays youth. But, what exactly are the effects of such an influence? Certain people have exaggerated the effects that these media have on todays youth. Many people, including government officials, have singled out these three media sources as the cause of some types of violence simply because it is an easy target for laying the blame. The truth isRead More Media Violence - Helping Youth Understand Death Essay887 Words à |à 4 PagesMedia Violence: Helping Youth Understand Death à Weve all heard it before. Blame it on TV, or the movies. If a child bludgeons another child to death with a wrench or shoots a classmate, it is the violent TV programs that they watch which are to blame, not the parents or the supervisors who are supposed to be there to make sure their kids do the right thing. How far is it true that the media is responsible for trivialising death and violence, thus causing the children of America to go outRead MoreVideo Games and Violence Speech884 Words à |à 4 PagesB.Z. Smith AP Lang 1 Feb. 2013 Videogames and Violence In todayââ¬â¢s society, the vast majority of adolescents spend their free time indoors. Many of those hours are enjoyed playing video games, a habit which teenagers will never hear the end of from their parents. ââ¬Å"These games will ruin youâ⬠, they say, ââ¬Å"It makes you angry and violentâ⬠, they say, but does it really? Media often portrays videogames as detrimental to mental health, and this topic is especially scrutinized today because of theRead MoreBlaming the Media for the Worldwide Increase in Violence Essay892 Words à |à 4 PagesBlaming the Media for the Worldwide Increase in Violence The mass media are an increasingly accessible way for people to learn what is important in the world today and what is acceptable behaviour in this society. Media outlets include film, radio, print, music and so on; film being the most widely used medium. The media which is prevalent in every aspect of our lives, is the perfect instrument to instil ideas in the minds of the people, and the most susceptible of them Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-8854090651729316522020-05-12T09:58:00.001-07:002020-05-12T09:58:02.479-07:00Hayeks View Of Governing Inequality - 1545 Words Social inequality can either be considered natural and necessary as inequalities creates incentives for individuals to work harder, or it can be considered systematic, an integral feature of social order that creates winners and losers. The former view would not consider inequality a public matter, therefore does not require governing. The latter however, would consider inequality a public issue that can only be reduced by government implementing policies to so. This essay will compare and contrast Hayekââ¬â¢s view of governing inequality with that of Stiglitz. To Hayek, strong state intervention restricts the freedom of individuals. His concept of freedom is without coercion and he is clear that people can only be coerced by other people and not by circumstance. Those who are unemployed or those who are living in poverty do so because of the marketââ¬â¢s function of rewarding those with certain skills and penalizing those without. For Hayek, while these people may be suffering, they are not coerced because the market is an impersonal mechanism. (Blakeley and Clarke, p. 353) It is only constraint of freedom by people that is damaging. According to him, any intervention from the state to regulate society, however well intentioned the motives, will inevitably lead to coercive government, and ultimately a loss of freedom. Hayek views inequality as natural because they are a result of the differences in innate human nature. It is his view that some people are just more gifted than Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-24858221218318394272020-05-06T12:13:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:13:14.167-07:00BADM 3601 â⬠Operations Management Assignmen Free Essays Caroline Walsh BADM 3601 ââ¬â Operations Management Assignment # 4? Due: Monday November 12th ? 5:00 PM (a) à A study? aid desk manned by a graduate student has been established to answer studentââ¬â¢s questions and help in working problems in your OM course. The desk is staffed eight hours per day. The dean wants to know how the facility is working. We will write a custom essay sample on BADM 3601 ââ¬â Operations Management Assignmen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Statistics show that students arrive at a rate of four per hour, and the distribution is approximately Poisson. Assistance time averages 10 minutes, distributed exponentially. Assume population and line length can be infinite and queue discipline is FCFS. Using this information, answer the following questions. i. Calculate the percent of utilization of the graduate student P= 4/6 = 2/3 = . 6667 percent utilization ii. Determine the average number of students in the system ?= 4 per hour ?= 6 students helped an hour Ls= 4/ 6-4 = 4/2 = 2 students in the system on average. iii. Calculate the average time in the system Ws= 1/ 6-4 = ? = . 5 hours average time in the system iv. Find out the probability of four or more students being in line or being served P0= 1 ââ¬â 4/6 = 1- 2/3 = . 33 probability that there are 4 or more students being in line or being served. . Before a test, the arrival of students increases to five per hour on the average. ?Compute the average number of students waiting under this scenario. Lq= 4^2 / 6 (6-4) = 16/ 12= 1. 33 student waiting in line on average. (b) à What are the three characteristics of a waiting? line system? 1. Arrivals or inputs to the system: these have characteristics such as population size, behavior, and a statistical distribution. 2. Queue discipline, or the waiting line itself: characteristics of the queue include whether is it limited or unlimited in length and the discipline of people or items in it. . The service facility: its characteristics include its design and the statistical distribution of service times. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â Question 2. Radovilskyââ¬â¢s Department Store in Haywood, California, maintains a successful catalog sales department in which a clerk takes orders by telephone. If the clerk is occupied on one line, incoming phone calls to the catalog department are answered automatically by a recording machine and asked to wait. As soon as the clerk is free, the party who has waited the longest is transferred and serviced first. Calls come in at a rate of about 12 per hour. The clerk can take an order in an average of 4 minutes. Calls tend to follow a Poisson distribution, and service times tend to be exponential. The cost of the clerk is $10 per hour, but because of lost goodwill and sales, Radovilskyââ¬â¢s loses about $25 per hour of customer time spent waiting for the clerk to take an order. ?= 12 ? = 15 (a) What is the average time that catalog customers must wait before their calls are transferred to the order clerk? Wq= 12/ 15 (15-12) = . 2667 average time to wait before transferred (b) What is the average number of callers waiting to place an order? Lq = 12^2 / 15 (15- 12) = 3. 2 average number of callers waiting to place an order (c) Radovilskyââ¬â¢s is considering adding a second clerk to take calls. The storeââ¬â¢s cost would be the same $10 per hour. Should it hire another clerk? Explain your decision. Yes they should hire another clerk because the customer average wait time and average number of callers waiting to place an order indicate that a second representative is needed. How to cite BADM 3601 ââ¬â Operations Management Assignmen, Essay examples Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-48830558379468436182020-05-02T03:37:00.001-07:002020-05-02T03:37:02.659-07:00Impact Of Recognition Disclosure Financial -Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Impact Of Recognition Disclosure Financial? Answer: Introduction In todays business world, Financial Reporting refers to one of the major aspects for the success of the companies. Financial accounting refers to a particular field of accounting that is concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of the financial transactions related with the business operations (Scott 2015). This aspect also involves in the effective and correct development and presentation of financial statements of the business organizations. Advanced financial reporting is an integral part of the process of financial accounting that put an obligation on the companies to comply with the required accounting regulations and standards for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The main purpose of the development and presentation of financial statements is to inform the investors about the financial health of the companies with the assistance of company annual report. For this reason, business organizations are required to comply with the required recognitio n criteria for various financial substances like revenue, assets and liabilities (Nobes 2014). The main aim of this report is compare and contrasts the recognition criteria of revenue, assets and liabilities of two Australian ASX listed mining companies; they are BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining. Introduction of the Companies BHP Billiton is one of the biggest Anglo-Australian multinational mining companies. The company was established in the year of 1885 and the company is headquartered at Melbourne, Australia. BHP Billiton mainly deals with mining, metals and petroleum products. The main products of the company are iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, natural gas, nickel, uranium and others. From the business operations of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that the company operates under a dual listed company structure and the firm has two parent companies; they are BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton PLC. A unified board is responsible for the business operations of the company. In the year 2015, BHP Billiton took a step for the simplification of their business portfolio with the creation of an independent global mining corporation (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining Evolution Mining is a major Australian gold mining company. The company was established in the year of 2011. The focus of the company is to operate in a safe and efficient way. Evolution Mining operates in five gold mining operations (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Three of them are in Queensland, one in New South Wales and another one in Western Australia. It can be seen that the company has achieved many milestones over the years. Evolution Mining was announced as the winner of the NSW Mining Safety Excellence Award in the year 2016. At December 2016, the ore gold reserve of the company stood 6.99 million ounces and the mineral resources were 14.18 million ounces (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Comparing and Contrasting the Revenue Recognition Criteria From the latest annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that there are two sources of revenue for the company; they are Sale of Products and Provisionally Priced Sales. From the latest annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be seen that the company measured their business revenue based on fair value of the received or receivable consideration (Wagenhofer 2014). More specifically, the recognition of the revenue from sale of products is done where there is a transfer of risk and reward ownership of the products to the customers based on pre-determined delivery time and their measurement can be done on a reliable basis (bhp.com 2018). On the other hand, the recognition of the revenue from provisionally priced products are done on the basis of fair value of the received or receivable consideration based on the contractual price. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the determination of the sales price is done on the basis of fair value agreement. The time between provi sional pricing and final invoice pricing is 60 to 120 days. Thus, it can be seen that the company has followed the principles of Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) for the purpose of revenue recognition (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining From the latest financial reports of Evolution Mining, it can be observed that the company has followed a simple process for the recognition of their business revenues. Evolution Mining uses to recognize their revenue from the sales of business goods when a transfer of the ownership of risk and reward is there from the company to the customers based on the pre-determined price (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the quality and quantity of the products need to be determined in an accurate basis. Moreover, the measurement of the revenue is done based on fair value. The company uses the provisional price agreements for the metals of concentrate sales. On the other hand, prevailing spot price is used for the selling price of metal concentrates (Srivastava 2013). The time between provisional pricing and final invoice pricing is 30 to 90 days. Apart from these, the company does the recognition of provisionally priced sales is done based on the fai r value estimation of the total received consideration and receivable consideration (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Fro the above discussion, it can be seen that both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining follow fair value accounting for the recognition of revenue. As per similarity, it can be seen that both the companies have two sources of revenue; they are revenue from sale of goods and revenue from provisionally priced sales. As both of the companies operates in Australia and both of them have complied with the principles of AASB, a large number of similarities can be seen. Comparing and Contrasting the Asset Recognition Criteria From the latest annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that the company has adopted different strategies for the recognition of different assets. The first type of assets is Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) (bhp.com 2018). For the computation of PPE, BHP Billiton uses to record them at the cost value after the deduction of accumulated depreciation and impairment charges. In this aspect, the cost of PPE refers to the fair value of the assets obtained at the time of the acquisition and it includes the necessary directs costs associated with the implementation and development of PPE. The next type of asset in BHP Billiton is Intangible assets that include goodwill and other intangible assets. BHP Billiton does the recognition of goodwill when there is a difference between the fair values of the consideration at the time of acquisition and the fair value of the identifiable assets. In addition, the other intangible assets of the company are recognized at fair value after th e deduction of impairment charges and amortization costs (Cotter 2012). After that, trade and other receivables are the current assets of the company. It needs to be mentioned that BHP Billiton recognizes their trade receivables based on fair value after the consideration of amortization costs, effective interest rates, allowances and impairment costs. Inventories are another type of current assets of BHP Billiton. The latest annual report of BHP Billiton states that irrespective of the nature and type of inventory, their recognition is done at the lower cost of value and net realizable value. The determination of cost is done based on average costs. Moreover, it needs to be mentioned that BHP Billiton uses absorption-costing method for the determination of costs (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining As per the latest annual report of Evolution Mining, the recognition of plant and equipment is done based on cost price after the deduction of accumulated depreciation and impairment costs. Fair value is considered based for the determination of the costs of plant and machinery. Straight line method is used for depreciation purpose. Cash and cash equivalent is another type of assets for the company (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). Their recognition is done based on amortized costs. Another type of asset for Evolution Mining is trade and other receivable. For the recognition of trade and other receivables, fair value measurement basis is used after the consideration of amortized costs with the use of effective interest rate after deducting impairment. The due date for trade receivables is 30 days. The next type of asset of Evolution Mining is inventories. It needs to be mentioned that physical measurement is done for the measurement of inventories. Other hand, the recognition of invento ry is also done based on lower of cost and net realizable value (Biondi and Lapsley 2014). From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are many similarities in the recognition criteria of both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining for assets. It can be observed that in most of the cases, both of the companies use fair value method for the recognition of PPE, trade receivables and intangible assets. However, in case of the recognition of inventory, difference can be seen. BHP Billiton uses fair value for the valuation of inventories where Evolution Mining uses physical method for the recognition of inventory. Comparing and Contrasting the Liability Recognition Criteria From the annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be observed that the company recognizes their trade and other payable on the basis of fair value (Clor?Proell, and Maines 2014). Another major liability of the company is net debt. The annual report states that net debt includes cash and short-term cash deposits. For the purpose of recognition, BHP Billiton considers the carrying value of these liabilities that is calculated on the basis of fair value (bhp.com 2018). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the major components of net debt are bank loans, notes and debentures, finance leases, bank overdraft, short-term borrowings and others. In case of provisions, the recognition process is done in the presence of some significant judgment like the application or real discount rate, the timing of cash flows, the costs associated with future rehabilitation activities and others (bhp.com 2018). Evolution Mining In the annual reports of Evolution Mining, interest-bearing liabilities have major importance. Evolution Mining does the recognition of these liabilities based on fair value after deducting the transaction costs directly attributed towards the measurement of attribution costs. The recognition of gains and losses is done in the profit and loss account. After that, in case of trade and other payables, Evolution Mining does the recognition of the carrying value based on the fair value and it has been done due to the short-term nature of the liabilities (Mller, Riedl and Sellhorn 2015). It can be seen that there are different kinds of provision for the company. In case of the provisions of employee benefits, they are measured based on the amount expected to be paid at the time of settlement. On the other hand, the provisions for long-service leave liabilities are recognized based on the present value (evolutionmining.com.au 2018). From the above discussion, it can be seen that there are many similarities between BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining in the recognition of their business liabilities. It can be seen that both the companies use fair value for the recognition of their trade and other liabilities. However, it can be seen that there is a difference between the recognition criteria of provisions for both the companies. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be observed that both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining have some similarities along with some differences in the recognition of their assets, liabilities and revenue. However, the portion of similarities is more than the portion of differences. In case of the recognition of revenue, the above discussion shows that both the companies have complied with the strategies of fair value method. Thus, there is not any difference. In case of assets, it can be observed that both BHP Billiton and Evolution Mining have applied fair value technique for obtaining cost of the assets after the deduction of accumulated depreciation and impairment. However, difference can be seen in case of the recognition of inventory as Evolution Mining use physical technique for the recognition of inventory. In case of liabilities, it can be seen that there is a difference between the recognition of provision due to the presence of different types of provisions for the companies. Based on the whole discussion, some recommendations are provided below: It is recommended to these companies to comply with the standards and regulations of AASB for the recognition of revenue. It is also recommended to these companies to adopt fair value measurement technique for recognizing assets and liabilities. References BHP Billiton. (2018).Our history. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-history [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Bhp.com. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.bhp.com/investor-centre/-/media/documents/investors/annual-reports/2017/bhpannualreport2017.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Biondi, L. and Lapsley, I., 2014. Accounting, transparency and governance: the heritage assets problem.Qualitative Research in Accounting Management,11(2), pp.146-164. CLOR?PROELL, S.M. and Maines, L.A., 2014. The impact of recognition versus disclosure on financial information: A preparer's perspective.Journal of Accounting Research,52(3), pp.671-701. Cotter, D., 2012.Advanced financial reporting: A complete guide to IFRS. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Evolutionmining.com.au. (2018).Annual Report 2017. [online] Available at: https://evolutionmining.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/171020-Evolution-Mining-Annual-Report-2017.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Evolutionmining.com.au. (2018).Evolution Mining Australian Gold Company. [online] Available at: https://evolutionmining.com.au/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Evolutionmining.com.au. (2018).Overview Evolution Mining. [online] Available at: https://evolutionmining.com.au/overview/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Mller, M.A., Riedl, E.J. and Sellhorn, T., 2015. Recognition versus disclosure of fair values.The Accounting Review,90(6), pp.2411-2447. Nobes, C., 2014.International Classification of Financial Reporting 3e. Routledge. Scott, W.R., 2015.Financial accounting theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Srivastava, A., 2013. Selling-price estimates in revenue recognition and earnings informativeness. Wagenhofer, A., 2014. The role of revenue recognition in performance reporting.Accounting and Business Research,44(4), pp.349-379. Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-45831279667563300622020-03-22T07:09:00.001-07:002020-03-22T07:09:02.275-07:00Do We Need The Homeless Essays - Homelessness, Housing, Do We Need The Homeless Do we need the homeless and the poor? I think that the answer to this question has two different sides to it. The first side is that homelessness is a real problem in the world today and I do not believe that anybody should have a life that troublesome. I do believe that all people should be able to have a roof over there head and a job to support them and if so their families. Also I believe that if a person is struggling to make it in life that help should be provided for those who are in times of need to help them reestablish themselves in the world. On the other side, even though homelessness is such a terrible thing in the world today if everybody in the world were all in the same social class and there was no upper, middle and lower class of people the world would not counterbalance itself. This may seem wrong but it is so because if there was no lower class of people the world would not have a good enough economy to balance one single social class. Society is contributing a great deal to the homeless these days. In society today there are many private organizations that help out the homeless a great deal. All over the country and world there are organizations that feed, cloth and house the homeless. These organizations are all over and they are very helpful to the poor, it gives the people hope and it tells them that people do care about what is going on in there life and that people want them to succeed in life and to flourish. So many people in the world today are dedicated to the service of the poor and that is one of the reasons that poverty in the world has decreased in recent years. On the issue of the church needing the poor there once again is two ways to look at the situation. Even though homelessness is a horrible thing it gives the people of the church who are more fortunate to give from what they have to the poor and help the poor get back on there feet and also if the people of the church go and help these less fortunate people that it can bring the faith of Jesus Christ back into these poor peoples hearts and give them joy in the world and hope to live on. Also this may benefit the people who are giving because if these people give to the poor it may help them see the light of God and show how powerful he is by letting us help him raise these less fortunate people up and that action alone may bring people to the faith in Jesus and it may also bring back people who are falling away from the word of the Lord. Does Christ need the poor and the Homeless? I do not believe that Christ wants anybody to live like this and he certainly doesn't need homeless people cause he wants all people to be equal. I know Christ wouldn't want people to be poor but he wouldn't be able to stop if people were going poor he would try and help them just as all people would try and help but poverty with always be I the world one way or another because even if people help every single person who is in need of assistance someone will fall throughout the cracks but people will always be there to support there fellow human being and fellow brothers and sisters in Gods house. Religion Essays Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-11774458701565037242020-03-05T21:33:00.001-08:002020-03-05T21:33:02.630-08:00martin luther king and mass media essaysmartin luther king and mass media essays Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Mass Media Martin Luther King Jr. was a very significant and influential man. Though his life was cut short at 39 years old, he left a big mark on today's society. From the Prayer Pilgrimage of May 17, 1957, an event and a date that marked King's entre into the field of national Negro leadership to the unforgettable March on Washington. (Bennett 10) King was determined to reach his goal, which was to have blacks and whiter united and treated equally. King was faced with many obstacles, including the press. At first, there was hardly any print about King's events and protests. When the events did get recognition King's name wasn't mentioned at all. Not until many years later when the protests sparked violence and death was King's name mentioned and even then, it was used in negative way. In this paper, I will discuss how the news magazines Time, Newsweek, and the U.S. News went about distorting, neglecting, and eventually praising King and his events. In order to help understand the Civil Rights Movement and it controversy you have to start at the beginning. On the way home from work as a seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a Montgomery City Line bus. When asked to give up her seat for a white passenger Rosa Parks refused. The bus driver left his seat and summoned the police. The police officer arrested Rosa Parks for violating the cities segregation ordinances. ( Bennett 59) Rosa Parks arrest sparked a one-day boycott that stretched out to 382 days. That event started the Civil Rights movement and changed the spirit of Martin Luther Kings, Jr. Time magazine was the first of the newsmagazines to pick up the story of the bus boycott. (Lentz 26) Newsweek didn't print the story until five months after it happened. In addition, not until then did King's name was mentioned by it or Time. Neither King nor the cause grabbed the attention of U.S. News & World Report. What they d... Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-66460803569815809482020-02-18T12:59:00.001-08:002020-02-18T12:59:02.356-08:00Case Study No. 1, McDonalds Senior Restaurant (p. 648)No. 1, McDonalds Senior Restaurant (p. 648) - Case Study Example of McDonaldââ¬â¢s would not suffer as a result of this strategy since the senior citizens flock the restaurant in the morning when young customers do not usually come. Lisa should encourage senior citizens to come and enjoy their meals at McDonaldââ¬â¢s. This is because the restaurant would not want to be famous for its discrimination against its customer based on their age. Also the senior customers usually leave before noon which is already a slow time for the restaurant. Lisa is getting a good opportunity for her slow time and should bank upon it. Since the senior customers spend as much as normal customers, she would not have to worry about generating profits and sales for the restaurant. Bingo games would be a suitable activity for senior citizens and would act as a promotional campaign to attract such customer (Clow and Baack, 2011). She could further use the idea of bingo game to her advantage. She could do this by allocating a special time for the bingo game, one when normal customers usually do not visit the restaurant. By doing this, Lisa would be ensuring that her senior customers prefer to come during this time and do not crowd the restaurant during the peak hours when young customers visit. Since young customers usually visit after noon, Lisa should not have to worry about crowding discouraging the young customers or that her restaurant would be labeled as ââ¬Ëan old peopleââ¬â¢s Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-54796844008635364142020-02-03T20:48:00.001-08:002020-02-03T20:48:03.751-08:00Marketing Research Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsMarketing Research - Case Study Example If the second sample provides similar results then the remaining funds from the $30,000 can be rolled out across the nation. Some of the strengths of this may be that if it is the case that the initial pilot sample was not representative than a new strategy can be devised, however if the pilot example is representative than we have a good understanding that the expanded study will generate positive results. 2. What could be the ramifications of your budget decisions? Solution: The ramifications of my budget decision could be described as being low risk modest return. If it is the case that the second pilot study does yield positive results than we know that our approach to gathering information is sound and as such we can roll out our program into different markets. Moreover if we learn that we have generated some sort of false positive in the premier pilot study than it may be that we should have to completely reevaluate the way in which we collect the data. If the former case holds true we would be rolling out approximately $30,000 and would generate effective information for the company to modify their marketing strategies but we would also be taking company money that could be spent on other internal projects. Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-45336046865500498172020-01-26T17:12:00.001-08:002020-01-26T17:12:07.428-08:00Indus Motors Company (IMC) AnalysisIndus Motors Company (IMC) Analysis Introduction This Research and Analysis report is based on an analysis of Indus Motors Company (IMC) over a period of three years. IMC is engaged in sole distributorship of Toyota and Daihatsu Motor Company Ltds vehicles in Pakistan through its dealership network. Reasons for Choosing the Topic and the Company: Selecting one project out of twenty available projects by Oxford Brookes University (OBU) was a difficult task. After in-depth analysis of all the available options, I finally selected .The business and financial performance of an organization over a three years period as I used to feel lot more comfortable in this area during my studies and this was suggested by my mentor as well. It was totally in correlation with my studies and during our studies were supposed to excel at accounting techniques like Ratio Analysis and business techniques like Porters Five Forces Analysis and SWOT analysis. Due to a personal interest in automobiles, I choose Automobile Sector of Pakistan which is considered as mother of all industries of Pakistan. The rise in automobile production has resulted from an increased domestic demand and generating over 150,000 direct employment opportunities. For the sake of RAP I selected Indus Motor Company limited (IMC). IMC is a joint venture between the House of Habib, Toyota Motor Corporation Japan (TMC) , and Toyota Tsusho Corporation Japan (TTC) for assembling, progressive manufacturing and marketing of Toyota vehicles in Pakistan since July 01, 1990. Project Objectives Each type of analysis has a purpose or use that determines the different relationships emphasized in that analysis. (Weston Copeland, 1992,pp 178) The objective of this project is to assess the business and financial performance of IMC over a period of three years ending 30th June 2010 and comparison of its performance with one of its competitors, Atlas Honda Limited. The aims and objectives of this research and analysis project are to To analyze the company and the sector in which it exists. To evaluate the performance of the company in terms of: Profitability; to assess a firms ability to create economic value in excess of value expended, to grow, remain solvent and repay debt. To judge the liquidity of the company and evaluate the financial risk. To assess the debt and capital structure of the company by calculating debt equity ratios and interest cover. To carry out the investors analysis in terms of earning per share. To Carry out SWOT analysis. To study the companys market position by using porters five forces model. To conclude the current situation and prospects of companys business and financial position and to suggest the improvements (http://articles.bplans.com) (Accessed 7th April 2010) Research Question In order to ensure my project has the appropriate structure and that I have clear objectives, I highlighted the same questions Shane Johnson (2006) mentioned in his famous article how not to rap myself which states: What is my research question/title of my project? What is the underlying theory? What methods will be used to gather information about the topic? How will the analysis be carried out? What conclusions can be drawn from the analysis? What are the key elements that I should present to my mentor? What have I learned from the process? (www.project-as-practice.org) (Assessed 2nd April 2010) Overall Research Approach I started my project by reading all the information available on the website of ACCA about the OBU degree. After carefully thinking over the available list of projects and consulting with my mentor, I selected The business and financial performance of an organization over a three year period. I started working on the project by setting objectives of the project and by identifying which techniques to be used and I consulted many course and referencing books before start working on the project. Then I started working on the organization by collecting all the relevant data useful for the project. I used secondary sources like newspapers, articles, internet, anylists reports, and annual reports of IMC and the competitor HAL, etc to get the required information. I had to assure reliability of the source of information throughout the information collection process and details of sources were saved by me for the referencing purpose. Meanwhile I conducted three formal meetings with my mentor during working on my RAP. In each meeting I used to show him my research and working till date. My mentor also guided me on various techniques and also referred to few books and resources that were relevant to my research. After completing my project, I had to give my mentor a fifteen minutes presentation on the project, and after his final approval I finally submitted it to OBU. Information gathering and Accounting/Business techniques used 2.1 Sources of Information and Methods used to collect it I had to collect data mainly from secondary sources to undertake the project.. Secondary Data Secondary data is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other than those of our particular research study. Source (http://www.fao.org) (Accessed 5th October 2010) I started looking for secondary data from news papers, Companies profile from website, business magazines and journals for competitors and industry reports and industry position of main competitor HAL. Annual Reports were the most reliable source for my RAP and I used audited financial statements for calculating the key ratios relevant to my project and also extract relevant information from annual report to analyze the key strengths and weaknesses of the company. Internet search engines helped me a lot to provide me most relevant and easily accessible information in a timely manner. Information about the overall economic condition of the country and the sector of the company was easily available and was very useful. Companys official website was also very helpful to get the latest authentic information. Some of Analyst Reports with other hard form materials like Business Recorder, daily newspapers etc were also reviewed to benefit from their findings and recommendations. I also used BPP and FTC study material student accountant and refer other management books. Limitations of Information gathering The major limitation about gathering data is that 100% accuracy cannot be guaranteed and there is always a small chance that the source is not reliable and the information gathered is inaccurate. Ethical Issues during Information gathering While dealing with all the information to conduct the RAP I was supposed to strictly follow ACCAs code of ethics. During the research I came across few ethical issues which had to be addressed Research participants must be fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate; so I had to gain the permission of the people who I was studying to conduct research involving them. Ethical standards also require that researchers not put participants in a situation where they might be at risk of harm as a result of their participation thus I had to be careful about using word sensitive or difficult questions during interviews. Accounting/Business Techniques used and their Limitation I used different business and accounting techniques to conduct my RAP. They are discussed below one by one with their limitations The Ratio Analysis This is the measure of inter relationship between different sections of the financial statements which then is compared with the budgeted or forecasted results, prior year results and or the Industrial results. Profitability For shareholders, employees, creditors, investors, management. Liquidity For shareholders, management, suppliers, creditor and competitors. Efficiency For management, shareholders, creditors and competitors. Gearing For shareholders, lenders, creditor and potential investors. Investment For shareholders, potential investors, management. P2-Corporate Reporting (International) BPP, 2005 pg.223 Limitations Operating and accounting policies differ from firm to firm. Ratios are static and do not consider future trends. Many firms engaged in multiple lines of business so comparing ratios may be meaningless. (Shim Siegel,2007 pp.34) Historical costs not suitable for decision making Different accounting methods may be used by individual firms making up the industry sample. Industry figures may be biased by few large firms within the sample. Different capital structures and size Strategic Business Planning and Development (3.5) FTC, 2005 pg.196. The SWOT Analysis: David (2002), describes SWOT as an analysis that can be used to measure an organizations competencies and identify opportunities to taken by business management in the future. When looking at your strengths, one should make a list of all the things that can be done well. Identify weaknesses as part of SWOT analysis and one will be on the first step to success. One of the places to look for opportunities is we to our competitors. Scanning market, industry or environment for unforeseen threats is an important part of the SWOT process. Limitations of SWOT It can provide useful information about company but as with all toll analysis it will not supply strategic decisions. Strengths and weaknesses may not be readily translated in to opportunities and sometimes in SWOT analysis same factor can be identified as both strengths and weaknesses. A company may also have difficulty identifying opportunities and opportunities may be easy to overlook or may be identified long after they can be exploited. Similarly, a company may have difficulty anticipating possible threats in order to effectively avoid them. (Anthony Henry, 2008) Source ðŸ⢠www.referenceforbusiness.com) (Accessed 15th October 2010) Porters Five Forces Analysis The pure competition model does not present a viable tool to assess an industry. Porters Five Forces model is a tool used by companies that deconstructs the industry structure in to five underlying competitive forces. Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of customers Threat of new entrants The threat of substitutes Competitive rivalry (Nemati Barko, 2001 pp.29) The conventional interpretation of Porters framework emphasized that rivalry and competition as the key components of the strategy. ( Hax wilde,2001 pp.42) Source:(www.articles.bplans.com) (Accessed 26th October 2010) Limitations of Five Forces Model: The model was designed for analyzing individual business strategies. It does not cope with synergies and interdependencies within the portfolio of large corporations. The model does not address the possibility that an industry could be attractive because certain companies are in it. Some people claim that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and radical change require more flexible, dynamic or emergent approaches to strategy formulation. P3-Business Analysis: BPP 2008 pg.108 Business Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendations 3.1 Organisations History, Profile Indus Motor Company (IMC) is a joint venture between the House of Habib , Toyota Motor Corporation Japan (TMC) , and Toyota Tsusho Corporation Japan (TTC) for assembling, manufacturing and marketing of Toyota vehicles in Pakistan since July 01, 1990. IMC had sole distributorship of Toyota and Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd Vehicles in Pakistan through its dealership network. IMC was incorporated in Pakistan as a (PLC) in December 1989 and started commercial production in May 1993. The shares of company are quoted on the stock exchanges of Pakistan. Toyota Motor Corporation and Toyota Tsusho Corporation have 25 % stake in the company equity. The majority of shares owned by House of Habib an investment group of Pakistan. IMCs manufacturing plants are located near Karachi which is industrial hub of Pakistan at Port Bin Qasim. Source:(www.toyota-indus.com) (Accesses 30th October 2010) Business Recorder 14th May, 2009 Products: Companys plant in Pakistan is the only site throughout the world where both brands Toyota and Daihatsu are being manufactured.IMCs Product line includes 6 variants of the newly introduced Toyota Corolla, Toyota Hilux Single Cabin 42 and 4 versions of Daihatsu Cuore and newly imported vehicle like Toyota Camry. Source: (www.toyota-indus.com) Source ðŸ⢠www.scribd.com) (Accessed 20th October 2010) The Sectors Overview The Pakistani auto sector has played a significant role in the growth and development of the local economy in terms of revenue generation, foreign exchange, human resource development and technology transfer. Automobiles companies are growing along with industry and all the manufacturers are putting hard efforts to increase their production capacity to meet consumers demands.Prodouction was constant throughout 90s around 45000 but due to consistent policies and increasing power of buyer industry boomed to over 120000 units/annum on just four years to 2003/04. According to the statistics of 2006-07 there were 82 vehicle assemblers in the industry producing passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses, tractors and 2/3 wheelers. Besides these there were over 600 players in the vendor industry. The total employment in the sector was over 192,000 with a total investment of over Rs.98 billion. The auto industry has played a significant role in the large scale manufacturing ind ustry as it contributed $3.6 billion to the economy besides import substitution resulting in annual foreign exchange savings of over $ 1 billion. Source :(www.toyota-indus.com) (Accessed 25th October 2010) The Ratio Analysis: The ratio analysis undertaken is based on the data collected from Annual Reports of Indus Motor Company Limited for the financial year ended 30th June 2010, FY09 and FY08 and that of Honda Atlas Cars (Pakistan) Limited for the finance year ended 31st march 2010,FY 09 and FY 08. . 3.3.1 REVENUE GROWTH The revenue in 2010 according to audited financial reports is 60.09 billion 58.7% higher than in 2009 where as it was 37.84 billion (8.6%) lower than in 2008. (Appendix A) This sharp increase in revenue is mainly due to healthy agricultural income from the farming community and a little increase in auto finance sector.Govt of Pakistan more tightened policy of used imported cars which gives a relief to the industry and the reduction of 5% in excise duty in federal budget 2009/10 which passed to the customers immediately in the form of price reduction. During the year the 2009/10 industry witnessed sharp rise in locally manufactured Passengers and commercial vehicles which grew up to 43% to 141654 units as compared to 99310 units in 2008/09 which lead the production up to 37% higher as compare to 2008/09 and this is mainly because of the Govt tightened policies for second hand imported vehicles. (IMC Annual Report FY10) Profitability Ratios: A class of financial metrics that are used to judge the business capability to generate profits as compare to its expenses and some other relevant costs within a specific period of time. (Kaplan Study Text FR) Shareholder, investors and other stakeholders like management have particularly focused on the profitability of the organisation. These ratios have key importance between majority of stakeholders. Gross Profit Ratio: Gross profit known as the organisation paying additional expenses and savings for coming years also known as gross margin. (Kaplan Study Text FR) In 2010 Gross margin increased to 27.86% as compare to FY09.One of the reasons of this increase is that Pakistan economy showing a modest signs of recovery from recession and sharp increase in demand of passenger and commercial vehicles. Although the gross sales 60 billion RS in FY10 sets all time new records for the company but there is still decline in Gross Margin of (16.12%) when we compare with FY08 where it was 9.3%.The main reasons behind that is the consistent pressure from the Govt to reduce the selling prices, backdrop of rising interest rates,weakning Pak Rupee against YEN, high inflationary conditions, and frequent disruptions to the business cause of shortage of power and terrorist attacks, all of these factors effects the entire supply chain of the company and pushed the manufacturing price to a new highest level and limited the companys ability to pass the increase to the customers. These above mentioned reasons becomes the main reason of erosions of margins. (IMC Annual Report 2010) Honda Atlas gross profit margin had a negative growth in FY10 and reached at (1.5%) as compared to 1.2% and 4.3% in FY09 and FY08 respectively. Where as IMC gross profit had a growth of 28.56% as compare to sharp decline of (34.4%) in FY09. As clear by above data, IMC performance regarding gross profit was far better than its competitor. (Appendix A) Net Profit Margin: Net profit margin measures how efficiently company has controlled its over head. (Kaplan Study Text FR) In highly challenging business environment,IMC has delivered satisfactory financial and operational performance in FY10.The companys net profit increased to 3.44 billion a 54.05% increase as compare to FY09 where it was 1.38 billion a (32.73%) decrease as compare to FY08.The main reasons behind the sharp increase of 54.05% in net profit is due to an incremental increase of 16750 units of Corollas sales volume through extensive marketing efforts. During the FY10 IMC outstandingly reduce their fixed costs which increase the overall profitability despite weakening PAK Rupee and increased manufacturing costs. (IMC Annual Report 2010) When we have a glance at net profit/loss of HAL, the net profit margin decrease to (5.4%) in FY10 where it was (2.8%) in FY09.HAL was having a positive growth of .5% in FY08. Return on capital employed (ROCE): ROCE is a measure that shows how efficiently assets of the company have been utilized to get return from them. It is essentially the net assets of the company. ROCE of IMC has moved in between 19 to 41% between FY08 TO FY10..This is mainly because of massive increase of income of the company in FY10 along with tightened financial controls and efficient and effective management of its various risks exposures. On the other hand HAL utilisation of capital resources are not showing a good picture where ROCE in FY10 had declined to (16.1%) as compare to (9.2%) in FY09 which is mainly because of operating loss of (5.2 billion RS).ROCE was having a positive growth at 8% in FY08. (IMC Annual Report FY10) Liquidity Ratios Liquidity ratios indicate an organisations ability to meet its short term financial obligations. Most commonly evaluated ratios are current ratio and quick ratio calculated as follows. Current Ratio: .IMC was having a ratio high of 2.6 in (FY08).In( FY09) the current ratio fall drastically to 1.7 times. There was a significant increase in current assets in FY09 specially in cash and bank balances which rose from 9664 million to 16715 million and stock in trade from 2637 million to 4088 million but there was a more than proportionate increase in current liabilities from 3779 million to 9884 million mainly due to advances from customers a 628% increase as compare to FY08.The current ratio in FY10 did not improve it remains at FY09 level 1.7 times because of proportionate increase in current assets and current liabilities. (IMC Annual Report FY10) (Appendix A) HAL current ratio was near to 1 in FY08 (.8 times ) which was not as bad because it remains close to industry average of 1.It got worse in FY09 (.7 times) and (.6 times) in FY10 which is not a good indicator for short term creditors. (HAL Annual Reports FY10) Quick ratio: Quick ratio also known as acid test ratio eliminates the effect of inventory from the current ratio. Quick ratio behaves the same way as to current ratio was 1.8:1 in (FYO8) before declining to (1.3:1) in FY09 and remains constant at the same level in FY10.Although there is a sharp increase in current liabilities in FY10 from 9884 million to 1422 million but the current assets on the other hand (excluding inventory) moved almost the same proportion. Over all quick ratio is reasonable and company is in sound position to meet its liabilities from most liquid resources for example cash and bank balances and receivables. (IMC Annual Reports FY10) (Appendix A) Quick ratio of HAL is very low as to industry average and remains constant for the past three years at (0.20:1).This shows that HAL is not having enough liquid resources to pay its current liabilities even. This low current ratio can be seen as the going concern problem for HAL in near future if this situation sustain as it is. (HAL Annual Reports FY10) (Appendix B) Overall liquidity condition of IMC is far better than that of HAL. Working Capital Ratios Working capital ratios also known as efficiency ratios reduce the risk for lenders and enable management to increase the productivity and business profits. (Kaplan Study Text FR) Days Accounts Receivable: IMC receivables days decreased from 12 days in FY08 to 17 days in FY09 and decreased further to 10 days in FY10.This reduction in receivable days pointed towards the better effective and controlled credit policy. HAL on the other hand does not have trade debts at all in their balance sheet. This reflects their policy to only deal in cash. Days Accounts Payable: Creditor turnover ratio shows how many days an organisation takes to pay its short term obligations and how much it depends on trade credit for short term financing. (Kaplan Study Text FR) Creditor turned out cost of sales in FY10 is 39 days almost at the same level in FY09 but increased when we compare with FY08 where it was 28 days. This improvement in payments pointed towards the strong and healthy relationship with lenders and suppliers of raw material and longer the days payable better for the cash flow. (Appendix A) HAL days accounts payable increased significantly 79 days to 124 days between FY08 and FY10.Taking in account of HAL current year financial performance it is apparent that company is struggling to pay its creditors and taking too long as compare to its main competitor IMC which is not a good news for creditors and shareholders as well. (Appendix B) Debt/ Solvency Ratios IMC is All-Equity Company with a zero long-term debt. This is a plus point in the current economic situations as company doesnt have to pay fixed cost of interest on long term borrowings. (IMC Annual Report FY 10) Gearing Ratio: As being all equity funded IMC manages to perform well in the crucial economic time and leave its competitors behind.IMC does not have any long term debt included in their capital structure making companys gearing ratio nil. On the other hand it has some disadvantages as well, the companys capital structure is not at optimum level and company is ignoring cheap sources of finance (long term debt) as to equity. (Appendix A) HAL is not all equity financed company and have long term debts on their balance sheet which results in a high finance costs. These high finance costs pushed company from profits into losses.HAL gearing level increased from 35% to 105% between FY08 and FY09 this increase was mainly due to increase in debt which rose from 500 thousands to 1500 thousands. The ratio decline to 93% in FY10 but still high as compare to industry norms. (Appendix B) This high gearing ratio could cause serious liquidity problems and could seen as a going concern threat but the parent company Honda Motors Japan will continue to provide the liquidity support to HAL and on that basis directors does not see any threat of this serious liquidity problems as a going concern threat and company will carry on its operations in foreseeable future. (HAL Annual Reports FY10) Interest Cover Ratio: Interest cover shows how many times, the profit before interest and tax covers interest amount. Its a measure of how adequately company profit could cover up its interest payments on debts. (Kaplan Study Text FM) IMC results are very healthy and reached at the level 1284 time in FY08 mainly because of very low finance charge of RS 2.7 million. It reduced drastically in FY09 from 1284 times to 78 times mainly because of enormous increase in finance charge from 2.7 million to 26.5 million due to loss on revaluation on foreign exchange contracts, sharp increase in mark up on advance from customers which rise from 2.8 million from FY08 to 8.8 million in FY09 , and high interest rates. It is at its all time high in FY10 at 1467 times. The main reasons behind that impressive increase are the best ever financial performance of the company and reduction in finance cost through unrealised gain on revaluation of foreign exchange contract of 96 million approximately which is quiet commendable as it guarantees good rating of the company. (Appendix A) (IMC Annual Reports FY10) Interest cover ratio at HAL was positive but very low at 1 time in FY08 before got worse in FY09 at (2) times in (FY09) and remains constant at the same level in FY10. It shows that company is facing difficulties to meet its long term financial obligations. These drastic results of profitability ratios of HAL could threaten its credibility to raise more finance in near future. (Appendix B) (HAL Annual Reports FY10) Investors Ratios: The earnings per share (EPS) of a company indicates profit after tax attributable to equity shares of a company. (Kaplan Study Text FR) The EPS of IMC was RS.29.15 in FY08 before dropping down to RS. 17.62 in FY09 due to fall in earnings of the company because of recession in the overall automobile market globally and locally. However (EPS) up by 138% from RS.17.62 to RS.41.9 due to highest ever car sales of 50.8k units as compared to 34.1k units in FY09.IMC achieved 100% capacity utilization of its manufacturing plant since it started its operations in FY10. This is due to increasing liquidity in rural areas and Govt institutions that continued buying Corolla. These increased and recovered car sales remained one of the main reasons behind such a high growth in earnings. Due to increased car sales,liquidity position improved as company was having 16 billion cash on its balance sheet as compare to 9.7 billion in FY09.Company invested this surplus cash in high yielding bank deposits which becomes the main reason of significant increase in other income from RS.727 million to RS.1.25 billion in FY10 and increased the ove rall earnings of the company. (Appendix A) Source:(www.dailytimes.com.pk) Assessed:( 10th November 2010) HALs EPS declined more in FY10 to (RS.5.97) from (RS.2.81) in FY09.This was due to loss after tax of (RS.852.2 million) in FY10.The main reasons attributed to the loss are under utilisation of capacity and depreciation of Pak Rupee as to Japanese Yen.HAL did increase the sale prices in line with the market condition to overcome these problems but this was not enough for complete recovery.EPS was RS.55 in FY08. (Appendix B) (HAL Annual Report FY10) The SWOT Analysis: SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in IMC. Strengths: IMC is a joint venture between House Of Habib and Toyota Tusho Corporation LTD Japan. Toyota is a global organization with representation of more than 170 countries . Toyota has becomes the industry leader for maximizing profits through lean manufacturing system and waste reduction methods.IMC has a very well experienced, talented and diversified management team and IMC has the strongest dealership network within the country and during the FY10 a new 3s dealership was launched in Lahore and Faisalabad to strengthen the business with this addition IMC dealership consists of 32 outlets throughout the country with market share of 34.5%.IMC commitment to provide excellent customer services have been acknowledged by Toyota Motor Corporation and awarded the Customer Service Excellence Award 2009. (IMC Annual Report FY10) Source : ( www.oppapers.com) (www.toyota-indus.com) Assesses ðŸ⢠12th November 2010) Weaknesses; IMC is all equity financed company with zero long term debt.IMC financial results for FY10 for sales and profits are at all time high however it is not likely that company will carry on the same momentum for near future. Moreover company is not investing considerably in new projects and plants.IMC is utilizing its manufacturing capacity at full and unless the margins increased significantly or they increased their capacity by installing new manufacturing plants it will be quiet likely that the earning momentum will not be the same as FY10. Source ðŸ⢠www.dailytimes.com.pk) Assess ðŸ⢠15th November 2010) Opportunities : Pakistan automobile industry for LCV and PC is growing at the rate of 43%. In Pakistan context there are 8 cars in 1,000 persons which is one of the lowest in the emerging economies which itself speaks of high potential of growth in the auto sector and more in the car production. Rising per capita income with changing demographic distribution and an anticipated influx of 30 to 40 million young people in the economically active workforce in the next few years provides a stimulus to IMC to expand and grow.As the environmental protection awareness is rising in Pakistan slowly, IMC has the opportunity to introduce Hybrid cars in Pakistan to meet the needs of environment friendly people. (IMC Annual Report, FY10) Source :(www.nationmaster.com) Assess :(16th November 2010) Threats: Pakistan domestic auto industry has barely started recovery from global financial crunch and currently facing lots of challenges.Govt has recently signed Afghan Transit Trade Agreement and it is very important to implement the agreed safeguard otherwise it would cause a serious threat to t Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-43672459597472186962020-01-18T13:36:00.001-08:002020-01-18T13:36:04.153-08:00Curious Images EssayImages are significant parts of our lives as they confine and define all that is familiar to us. Human mind has a tendency to associate feelings with images. Each feeling has a face; our fears, contemplations, pleasure, hope, failure etc. , all have a face. So vivid are these faces that as soon as an emotion or thought sprouts in the mind, an image flashes to gratify our senses; so strong is the grip of these images that we keep relating and projecting our thoughts, feelings and memories with them. We see an example of this in R. L. Stevensonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.à Hydeâ⬠, where the personality of Mr. Hyde becomes active as soon as his Dr. Jekyllââ¬â¢s thoughts change. For this reason, something that is unknown always causes a feeling of discomfort as it has no visual representation. Our entire lives revolve around familiar and unfamiliar images. The conscious part of our mind always relies on these images to identify our world. Thus, images influence us strongly, sometimes manipulating us, while at other times, playing tricks upon us, like ceiling fan and motion pictures, as demonstrated by Oliver Sack in ââ¬Å"In the Rivers of Consciousnessâ⬠. Our perceptions sometimes makes us prisoner of our thoughts, binding us into bouts of endless torment. Society often slots our actions into bold categories of good and bad, which forces people to lead dual lives, becoming unwittingly, victim of these images. Dr. Jekyll from the ââ¬Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeâ⬠is one such person who is suffering from this inner conflict of maintaining a good image in the society (R. L. Stevenson). Due to this obsession he undertakes the task of transforming his personality chemically. ââ¬Å"A change had come over me. It was no longer the fear of gallows, it was the horror of being Hyde that racked me. â⬠(430). In an attempt to get rid of the evil side of his personality, Dr. Jekyll drinks a potion he creates, which brings out the personality of Mr. Hyde. However to his horror, he discovers that Mr. Hyde becomes more and more monstrous as days go by. This really bothers him because ironically Mr. Hyde had turned out to be totally opposite to what he had imagined. It becomes very difficult for him to keep this side of his personality hidden any longer and this fear of being discovered ultimately with a negative image causes him to kill himself. Tormented by his thoughts of wanting a good image for himself, Dr. Jekyll carried out a dangerous experiment which turned out to be a disaster. Here we see how images created in the mind can manipulate a person to create a harmony between the bigger image created by the society, making him a prisoner of his thoughts. In case of Dr. Jekyll, we also observe that thoughts, for example, of good and evil which translates into an image of moral stance, become more powerful when suppressed. ââ¬Å"By then, Freud emphasized, the wish maybe disguised to the point of being unrecognizable. Things might even appear their opposites: pleasure as pain, desire as fear. â⬠(Gelman, Dreams on the Couch). Here we take a look at Freudââ¬â¢s explanation of seemingly weird dreams. He goes on to explain that something which is like a social taboo, gets suppressed in the mind to an extent where it seems to be exact opposite. Such an image, due to getting suppressed becomes more powerful. ââ¬Å"Thus there are two forces operating: the wish, and a defense against it, a censor. â⬠(133). The wish or desire being a social taboo, causes the dreamer to dream exact opposite of what he desires. But this is not always the case, as argued by many other analysts. ââ¬Å"There is no need to assume dreams have a latent contentâ⬠, says Harry Fissâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (134). The images or memories which have been very significant to the dreamer must be taken into consideration as they remain in subconscious and influence our thought process. Thus, we see how the image created by the society influences the images created in the minds of people. Human mind works in a complex way to decipher the images which it keeps viewing, creating and transforming. Sometimes the captured image puts the mind into a trancelike state and at other times tricking the mind to cause an illusion. ââ¬Å"Freed from inhibitions of verbal communication, it seems, we respond to visual imagery that may have been our earliest mode of thinking- one reason, perhaps, why the language of poetry can stir us as it does. That may explain, too, why some dreams can haunt us with a power more persuasive even than that of poetry, shimmering in the mind like lost cities or leaving us, for hours afterward, with an unaccountable feeling of terror. â⬠(Gelman, Dreams on the Couch). A moment which might have been very significant in a personââ¬â¢s life lays hidden in the subconscious layers of the mind. Constant storage of images in our minds, sometimes cause them to jumble up. Thatââ¬â¢s why our dreams are made of up of images that sometimes make sense and very often do not, explaining why we sometimes have pleasant dreams and at other times suffer from nightmares. ââ¬Å"When the analyst asked the patient if he associated anything with the ââ¬Å"Malarial Areaâ⬠, he decided, after some thought, that the phrase could be an anagram. â⬠(137). Here we see how the patientââ¬â¢s long forgotten childhood memories distorted his dreams. ââ¬Å"In this patient, whom they call Mrs. M. , there were ââ¬Å"freeze framesâ⬠lasting several seconds, during which Mrs. M. would see a prolonged, motionless image and be visually unaware of any movement around her, though her flow of thought and perception was otherwise normal. â⬠(Sacks, In the Rivers of Consciousness). Here we see Mrs. M. getting caught in a frozen moment. The similarity between these situations is how images manipulate these two patients to be caught in the moment. The interesting difference here is how perception creates an image, which one remembers in his dream with his eyes closed, and the other doesnââ¬â¢t with her eyes open. Images sometimes play a trick of optical illusion, causing the brain to believe and perceive motions differently. When we see a series of still images in quick succession, there is an illusion which leads us to believe that we are in fact looking at one continuous motion picture. This optical illusion tricks the mind into believing that which is not the case. ââ¬Å"Another striking example of perceptual standstill could be demonstrated with a common visual illusion, that of the Necker cube. Normally, when we look at this ambiguous perspective drawing of a cube, it switches perspective every few seconds, first seeming to project, then to recede, and no effort of will suffices to prevent this switching back and forth. â⬠(Sacks, In the Rivers of Consciousness). This perspective switching portrays an image which keeps changing and is not still. This is in huge contrast with the case of Mrs. M. , who experiences a standstill trance like state, where she perceives the image in front of her to be motionless. Her perspective doesnââ¬â¢t change for elongated periods of time, until perhaps someone interrupts her. Similarly, ceiling fan sometimes seems to be going in the forward direction, while at other times in the opposite direction. Further, as Sacks goes on to explain how people who suffer from migraine perceive what they see. The migraine patients in their delirium see flickering images, which accelerate to restore normal motion. In all these case, we see how moving images are perceived by the brain, sometimes rushing and causing fluid like motion. At other times, freezing and causing a trance like state. This concept has today advanced into the making of motion pictures, advanced imaging devices etc. From prehistoric times, man has given immense importance to images. This is confirmed by the ancient cave paintings. We see that drawing or creating images fulfills a deeper aspect of human personality, as it offers a very strong medium of self expression. Sometimes images form a pattern in the mind, locking us in that moment, as we see in the case of Mrs. M. ââ¬Å"In the River of Consciousnessâ⬠by Oliver Sacks. Sometimes they offer a familiar territory to which we are used to, while at other times, they act as agents in visual communication. Images take on a variety of forms and functions. They create patterns in our minds which make us happy, sad and fearful, as we keep relying upon them subconsciously. Often, we donââ¬â¢t realize how much our lives are influenced by them. The way we dress, work, live, are all influenced by the perceived images which we have created in our minds ever since we were born. This is a never ending process which continues as long as we live. Images rule our conscious and sub conscious, also influencing our dreams, as we observe in ââ¬Å"Dreams on the Couchâ⬠by David Gelman. Living in a society, where images and appearances are very important, we often perform actions which do not always leave us happy. R. L. Stevensonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hydeâ⬠is a classic example of this. In such situations, our suppressed desires sometimes try to overcome our sensibility, till there comes a point where we are forced to look at the bigger picture. Are we truly what we portray ourselves to be or we pretend to be someone who we want to be? Whatever be the case, one cannot deny the impact that images have on our lives, positive or negative. Man, being a social animal adapts himself to put on various images sometimes for himself, sometimes for the society he lives in; sometimes knowingly, sometimes unknowingly. Works Cited Stevenson, R. L. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. 1886. (Gelman, Dreams on the Couch) (Sacks, In the Rivers of Consciousness) Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-86096488965646043852020-01-10T10:00:00.001-08:002020-01-10T10:00:04.971-08:00My FatherElectronic mail, also known asà emailà orà e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across theà Internetà or otherà computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both beà onlineà at the same time, in common withà instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on aà store-and-forwardà model. Emailserversà accept, forward, deliver and store messages.Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to anà email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the termà electronic mailà was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describeà faxà document transmission. [2][3]à As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term wi th the more specific meaning it has today.An Internet email message[NB 1]à consists of three components, the messageà envelope, the messageà header, and the messageà body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator'sà email addressà and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp. Originally a text-only (7-bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized inà RFCà 2045 through 2049.Collectively, these RFCs have come to be calledà Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions(MIME). Electronic mail predates the inception of theà Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,[4]à but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the earlyà ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to theà File Transfer Protocolà (FTP), but is now carried by theSimple Mail Transfer Protocolà (SMTP), first published asà Internet standardà 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a messageà envelopeà separate from the message (header and body) itself. The diagram to the right shows a typical sequence of events[48]à that takes place whenà Aliceà composes a message using herà mail user agentà (MUA).She enters theà email addressà of her correspondent, and hits the ââ¬Å"sendâ⬠button. 1. Her MUA formats the message in email format and uses the Submission Protocol (a profi le of theà Simple Mail Transfer Protocolà (SMTP), seeà RFC 6409) to send the message to the localà mail submission agentà (MSA), in this casesmtp. a. org, run by Alice'sà internet service providerà (ISP). 2. The MSA looks at the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header), in this [emailà protected] org. An Internet email address is a string of the [emailà protected]The part before the @ sign is theà local partà of the address, often theà usernameà of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is aà domain nameà or afully qualified domain name. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the fully qualified domain name of theà mail exchange serverà in theà Domain Name Systemà (DNS). 3. Theà DNS serverà for theà b. orgà domain,à ns. b. org, responds with anyà MX recordsà listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this caseà mx. b. org, aà message transfer agentà (MTA) server run by Bob's ISP. 4. smtp. a. orgà sends the message toà mx. b. orgà using SMTP.This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the finalà message delivery agentà (MDA). 1. The MDA delivers it to theà mailboxà of the userà bob. 2. Bob presses the ââ¬Å"get mailâ⬠button in his MUA, which picks up the message using either theà Post Office Protocolà (POP3) or theInternet Message Access Protocolà (IMAP4). That sequence of events applies to the majority of email users. However, there are many alternative possibilities and complications to the email system: * Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such asà IBMà Lotus Notesà orà Microsoftà Exchange.These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Inte rnet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system. * Alice may not have a MUA on her computer but instead may connect to aà webmailà service. Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1. * Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging intoà mx. b. orgà and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service. * Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail when the main mail exchange server is not available. * Email messages are not secure ifà email encryptionà is not used correctly. Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are calledà open mail relays.This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable. If an MTA couldn't reach the destination, it could at least deliver it to a relay closer to the destination. The relay stood a better chance of delivering the message at a later time. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by people sendingà unsolicited bulk emailà and as a consequence very few modern MTAs are open mail relays, and many MTAs don't accept messages from open mail relays because such messages are very likely to be spam. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- [edit]Message formatThe Internet email message format is now defined byà RFC 5322, with multi-media content attachments being defined inà RFC 2045throughà RFC 2049, collectively calledà Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensionsà orà MIME. RFC 5322à replaced the earlierà RFC 2822à in 2008, and in turnà RFC 2822à in 2001 replacedà RFC 822à ââ¬â which had been the standard for Internet email for nearly 20 years. P ublished in 1982,à RFC 822à was based on the earlierà RFC 733à for theà ARPANET. [49] Internet email messages consist of two major sections: * Headerà ââ¬â Structured intoà fieldsà such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. Bodyà ââ¬â The basic content, as unstructured text; sometimes containing aà signature blockà at the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter. The header is separated from the body by a blank line. [edit]Message header Each message has exactly oneà header, which is structured intoà fields. Each field has a name and a value. RFC 5322à specifies the precise syntax. Informally, each line of text in the header that begins with aà printable characterà begins a separate field. The field name starts in the first character of the line and ends before the separator character ââ¬Å":â⬠.The separator is then followed by the field value (the ââ¬Å"bodyâ⬠of the field). Th e value is continued onto subsequent lines if those lines have a space or tab as their first character. Field names and values are restricted to 7-bità ASCIIà characters. Non-ASCII values may be represented using MIMEà encoded words. Email header fields can be multi-line, and each line ahould be at most 78 characters long and in no event more than 998 characters long. [50]à Header fields defined byà RFC 5322à can only containà US-ASCIIà characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified inà RFC 2047à can be used. 51]à Recently the IETF EAI working group has defined some standards track extensions[52][53], replacing previous experimental extensions, to allowà UTF-8à encodedà Unicodeà characters to be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such characters must only be used by servers that support these extensions. The message header must include at least the following fields:[54] * From: Theà email address, and optionally the name of the author(s). In many email clients not changeable except through changing account settings. Date: The local time and date when the message was written. Like theà From:à field, many email clients fill this in automatically when sending. The recipient's client may then display the time in the format and time zone local to him/her. The message header should include at least the following fields:[55] * Message-ID: Also an automatically generated field; used to prevent multiple delivery and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below). * In-Reply-To:à Message-IDà of the message that this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies for reply messages.RFC 3864à describes registration procedures for message header fields at theà IANA; it provides forà permanentà andà provisionalmessage header field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and http, and referencing rele vant RFCs. Common header fields for email include: * To: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below. * Subject: A brief summary of the topic of the message. Certain abbreviationsà are commonly used in the subject, includingà ââ¬Å"RE:â⬠and ââ¬Å"FW:â⬠. Bcc:à Blind Carbon Copy; addresses added to the SMTP delivery list but not (usually) listed in the message data, remaining invisible to other recipients. * Cc:à Carbon copy; Many email clients will mark email in your inbox differently depending on whether you are in the To: or Cc: list. * Content-Type: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually aà MIMEà type. * Precedence: commonly with values ââ¬Å"bulkâ⬠, ââ¬Å"junkâ⬠, or ââ¬Å"listâ⬠; used to indicate that automated ââ¬Å"vacationâ⬠or ââ¬Å"out of officeâ⬠responses should not be returned for this mail, e. g. o prevent vacation notices from being sent to all other subscribers of a mailinglist. Sendmailuses this header to affect prioritization of queued email, with ââ¬Å"Precedence: special-deliveryâ⬠messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks delivery priority is less of an issue than it once was. Microsoft Exchangeà respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the X-Auto-Response-Suppress header. [56] * References:à Message-IDà of the message that this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc. * Reply-To: Address that should be used to reply to the message. Sender: Address of the actual sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc. ). * Archived-At: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message. [57] Note that theà To:à field is not necessarily related to the addresses to which the mess age is delivered. The actual delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,à SMTP, which may or may not originally have been extracted from the header content. The ââ¬Å"To:â⬠field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter which is delivered according to the address on the outer envelope.In the same way, the ââ¬Å"From:â⬠field does not have to be the real sender of the email message. Some mail servers applyà email authenticationà systems to messages being relayed. Data pertaining to server's activity is also part of the header, as defined below. SMTP defines theà trace informationà of a message, which is also saved in the header using the following two fields:[58] * Received: when an SMTP server accepts a message it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first). * Return-Path: when the delivery SMTP server makes theà final deliveryà of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.Ot her header fields that are added on top of the header by the receiving server may be calledà trace fields, in a broader sense. [59] * Authentication-Results: when a server carries out authentication checks, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents. [60] * Received-SPF: stores the results ofà SPFà checks. [61] * Auto-Submitted: is used to mark automatically generated messages. [62] * VBR-Info: claimsà VBRà whitelisting[63] Filename extensions Upon reception of email messages,à email clientà applications save messages in operating system files in the file system.Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is theà mboxà format. The specific format used is often indicated by specialà filename extensions: eml Used by many email clients includingà Microsoft Outlook Express,à Windows Mailà andà Mozi lla Thunderbird. The files areà plain textà inMIMEà format, containing the email header as well as the message contents and attachments in one or more of several formats. emlx Used byà Apple Mail. msg Used byà Microsoft Office Outlookà andà OfficeLogic Groupware. bx Used byà Opera Mail,à KMail, andà Apple Mailà based on theà mboxà format. Some applications (likeà Apple Mail) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory. Lesson 1: Entering Text and Numbers The Microsoft Excel Window Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet. You can use it to organize your data into rows and columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical calculations quickly. This tutorial teaches Microsoft Excel basics.Although knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows environment is helpful, this tutorial was created for the computer novice . This lesson will introduce you to the Excel window. You use the window to interact with Excel. To begin this lesson, start Microsoft Excel 2007. The Microsoft Excel window appears and your screen looks similar to the one shown here. Note:à Your screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown. In Excel 2007, how a window displays depends on the size of your window, the size of your monitor, and the resolution to which your monitor is set.Resolution determines how much information your computer monitor can display. If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your screen, but the size of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more information fits on your screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. Also, settings in Excel 2007, Windows Vista, and Windows XP allow you to change the color and style of your windows. The Microsoft Office Button In the upper-left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. Wh en you click the button, a menu appears.You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, and perform many other tasks. The Quick Access Toolbar Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar gives you with access to commands you frequently use. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You can use Save to save your file, Undo to roll back an action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back. The Title Bar Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. On the Title bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are currently using.At the top of the Excel window, you should see ââ¬Å"Microsoft Excel ââ¬â Book1â⬠or a similar name. The Ribbon You use commands to tell Microsoft Excel what to do. In Microsoft Excel 2007, you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the Excel window, below the Quick Access tool bar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs; clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of a group.When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog box makes additional commands available. The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such information as the sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected numbers. You can change what displays on the Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it. A check mark next to an item means the item is selected. Move Around a Worksheet By using the arrow keys, you can move around your worksheet.You can use the down arrow key to move downward one cell at a time. You can us e the up arrow key to move upward one cell at a time. You can use the Tab key to move across the page to the right, one cell at a time. You can hold down the Shift key and then press the Tab key to move to the left, one cell at a time. You can use the right and left arrow keys to move right or left one cell at a time. The Page Up and Page Down keys move up and down one page at a time. If you hold down the Ctrl key and then press the Home key, you move to the beginning of the worksheet. EXERCISE 1 Move Around the WorksheetThe Down Arrow Key Press the down arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves downward one cell at a time. The Up Arrow Key Press the up arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves upward one cell at a time. The Tab Key Move to cell A1. Press the Tab key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the right one cell at a time. The Shift+Tab Keys Hold down the Shift key and then press Tab. Note that the cursor moves to the left one cell at a time. Th e Right and Left Arrow Keys Press the right arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the right.Press the left arrow key several times. Note that the cursor moves to the left. Page Up and Page Down Press the Page Down key. Note that the cursor moves down one page. Press the Page Up key. Note that the cursor moves up one page. The Ctrl-Home Key Move the cursor to column J. Stay in column J and move the cursor to row 20. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press the Home key. Excel moves to cell A1. Go To Cellsà Quickly The following are shortcuts for moving quickly from one cell in a worksheet to a cell in a different part of the worksheet. EXERCISE 2 Go to ââ¬â F5 The F5 function key is the ââ¬Å"Go Toâ⬠key.If you press the F5 key, you are prompted for the cell to which you wish to go. Enter the cell address, and the cursor jumps to that cell. Press F5. The Go To dialog box opens. Typeà J3à in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell J3. Go to ââ¬â Ctrl+G You can also use Ctrl+G to go to a specific cell. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press ââ¬Å"gâ⬠(Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box opens. Typeà C4à in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C4. The Name Box You can also use the Name box to go to a specific cell. Just type the cell you want to go to in the Name box and then press Enter.If you wish to perform a function on a group of cells, you must first select those cells by highlighting them. The exercises that follow teach you how to select. EXERCISE 3 Select Cells To select cells A1 to E1: Go to cell A1. Press the F8 key. This anchors the cursor. Note that ââ¬Å"Extend Selectionâ⬠appears on the Status bar in the lower-left corner of the window. You are in the Extend mode. Click in cell E7. Excel highlights cells A1 to E7. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to clear the highlighting. Alternative Method: Select Cells by DraggingYou can also select an area by holding down th e left mouse button and dragging the mouse over the area. In addition, you can select noncontiguous areas of the worksheet by doing the following: Go to cell A1. Hold down the Ctrl key. You won't release it until step 9. Holding down the Ctrl key enables you to select noncontiguous areas of the worksheet. Press the left mouse button. While holding down the left mouse button, use the mouse to move from cell A1 to C5. Continue to hold down the Ctrl key, but release the left mouse button. Using the mouse, place the cursor in cell D7. Press the left mouse button.While holding down the left mouse button, move to cell F10. Release the left mouse button. Release the Ctrl key. Cells A1 to C5 and cells D7 to F10 are selected. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to remove the highlighting. Enter Data In this section, you will learn how to enter data into your worksheet. First, place the cursor in the cell in which you want to start entering data. Type some data, and then press Enter . If you need to delete, press the Backspace key to delete one character at a time. EXERCISE 4 Enter Data Place the cursor in cell A1. Typeà John Jordan. Do not press Enter at this time.Delete Data The Backspace key erases one character at a time. Press the Backspace key until Jordan is erased. Press Enter. The name ââ¬Å"Johnâ⬠appears in cell A1. Edit a Cell After you enter data into a cell, you can edit the data by pressing F2 while you are in the cell you wish to edit. EXERCISE 5 Edit a Cell Change ââ¬Å"Johnâ⬠to ââ¬Å"Jones. â⬠Move to cell A1. Press F2. Use the Backspace key to delete the ââ¬Å"nâ⬠and the ââ¬Å"h. â⬠Typeà nes. Press Enter. Lesson 2: Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data Lesson 1 familiarized you with the Excel 2007 window, taught you how to move around the window, and how to enter data.A major strength of Excel is that you can perform mathematical calculations and format your data. In this lesson, you learn how to per form basic mathematical calculations and how to format text and numerical data. To start this lesson, open Excel. Set the Enter Key Direction In Microsoft Excel, you can specify the direction the cursor moves when you press the Enter key. In the exercises that follow, the cursor must move down one cell when you press Enter. You can use the Direction box in the Excel Options pane to set the cursor to move up, down, left, right, or not at all.Perform the steps that follow to set the cursor to move down when you press the Enter key. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears. Click Excel Options in the lower-right corner. The Excel Options pane appears. Click Advanced. If the check box next to After Pressing Enter Move Selection is not checked, click the box to check it. If Down does not appear in the Direction box, click the down arrow next to the Direction box and then click Down. Click OK. Excel sets the Enter direction to down. Perform Mathematical Calculations In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers and mathematical formulas into cells.Whether you enter a number or a formula, you can reference the cell when you perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. When entering a mathematical formula, precede the formula with an equal sign. Use the following to indicate the type of calculation you wish to perform: + Addition ââ¬â Subtraction * Multiplication / Division ^ Exponential In the following exercises, you practice some of the methods you can use to move around a worksheet and you learn how to perform mathematical calculations. Refer to Lesson 1 to learn more about moving around a worksheet. EXERCISE 1Addition Typeà Addà in cell A1. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 1à in cell A2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 1à in cell A3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà =A2+A3à in cell A4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel adds cell A1 to cel l A2 and displays the result in cell A4. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Note:à Clicking the check mark on the Formula bar is similar to pressing Enter. Excel records your entry but does not move to the next cell. Subtraction Press F5. The Go To dialog box appears. Typeà B1à in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell B1.Typeà Subtract. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 6à in cell B2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 3à in cell B3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà =B2-B3à in cell B4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B2 and the result displays in cell B4. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Multiplication Hold down the Ctrl key while you press ââ¬Å"gâ⬠(Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box appears. Typeà C1à in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C1 Typeà Multiply. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 2à in cell C2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.Typeà 3à in cell C3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà =C2*C3à in cell C4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel multiplies C1 by cell C2 and displays the result in cell C3. The formula displays on the Formula bar. Division Press F5. Typeà D1à in the Reference field. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell D1. Typeà Divide. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 6à in cell D2. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 3à in cell D3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà =D2/D3à in cell D4. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and displays the result in cell D4.The formula displays on the Formula bar. When creating formulas, you can reference cells and include numbers. All of the following formulas are valid: =A2/B2 =A1+12-B3 =A2*B2+12 =24+53 AutoSum You can use the AutoSum buttonà à on the Home tab to automatically add a column or row of numbers. When you press the AutoSum buttonà , Excel selects the numbers it thinks you want to add. If you then click the check mark on the Formula bar or press the Enter key, Excel adds the numbers. If Excel's guess as to which numbers you want to add is wrong, you can select the cells you want. EXERCISE 2 AutoSum The following illustrates AutoSum:Go to cell F1. Typeà 3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell. Typeà 3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell to cell F4. Choose the Home tab. Click the AutoSum buttonà à in the Editing group. Excel selects cells F1 through F3 and enters a formula in cell F4. Press Enter. Excel adds cells F1 through F3 and displays the result in cell F4. Perform Automatic Calculations By default, Microsoft Excel recalculates the worksheet as you change cell entries. This makes it easy for you to correct mistakes and analyze a variety of scenarios. EXERCISE 3 Automatic CalculationMake the changes described be low and note how Microsoft Excel automatically recalculates. Move to cell A2. Typeà 2. Press the right arrow key. Excel changes the result in cell A4. Excel adds cell A2 to cell A3 and the new result appears in cell A4. Move to cell B2. Typeà 8. Press the right arrow key. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B3 and the new result appears in cell B4. Move to cell C2. Typeà 4. Press the right arrow key. Excel multiplies cell C2 by cell C3 and the new result appears in cell C4. Move to cell D2. Typeà 12. Press the Enter key. Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and the new result appears in cell D4.Align Cell Entries When you type text into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the left side of the cell. When you type numbers into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the right side of the cell. You can change the cell alignment. You can center, left-align, or right-align any cell entry. Look at cells A1 to D1. Note that they are aligned with the left side of the cell. Microso ft Excel 2007 ââ¬â It is a program used to create, format, and compute numbers. It displays datain row-and-column format. MS Excel makes it easy to compute numbers andallows different ways to format data including charts and reports. It is a very powerful electronic spreadsheet that lets the user enter and usenumerical data with formulas and built-in functions. It consists of 16worksheets, 65536 rows, and 256 columns. A Workbook is a file in MS Excel that holds worksheets. A Worksheet is composed of columns and rows that are similar to an accounting ledger. Itdisplays characters like letters, and numbers, and can do computations. Parts and Uses of the MS Excel Environment 1. Toolbars ââ¬â display commands that are commonly used for easy access 2. Name Box ââ¬â displays the address of the active cell 3. Formula bar displays the contents and formula entered on the active cell 4. Status bar ââ¬â displays the information about a selected command 5. Select all Button â⠬â selects every cell in a worksheet 6. Sheet Tabs ââ¬â let you display worksheets in the open workbook 7. Row headers ââ¬â a number used to identify a row 8. Column headers ââ¬â a letter used to identify a column 9. Active cell ââ¬â the cell that has a thick border that will hold any data that you type orà entered 10. Scroll bars ââ¬â includes vertical and horizontal scroll bar and four arrow used to move thescreen display horizontally or vertically 11. Title bar displays the program and the name of the workbook that you are currentlyusing 12. Menu bar (7 Tabs) ââ¬â lists the names of the menus or tabs in Excel 13. Minimize button ââ¬â minimizes the window to a button on the task bar 14. Maximize/Restore button ââ¬â switch between maximizing a window and restoring awindow to its previous size 15. Close button ââ¬â closes the window Parts of the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Environment Parts of the PowerPoint screen: * Title barà ââ¬â dis plays the document name * Menu barà ââ¬â click on a menu option to see a list of commands * Standard toolbarà ââ¬â frequently used menu options Formatting toolbarà ââ¬â displays formatting commands * Placeholderà ââ¬â click or double-click to add an element to a slide * Outline view buttonà ââ¬â displays document in outline form * Slide view buttonà ââ¬â displays slides one at a time * Slide Sorter view buttonà ââ¬â displays all slides in a single screen * Slide show buttonà ââ¬â displays slide show * Drawing toolbarà ââ¬â displays drawing tools * Status barà ââ¬â shows the current page number and position of the insertion point in the document * Office Assistantà ââ¬â quick help when you need it This lesson introduces you toà PowerPoint 2007.You use the PowerPoint window to interact with the software, place text, graphics, and other features on a slide. When you launch PowerPoint 2007, the PowerPoint 2007 Window ap pears and your screen looks like the one shown below. Your PowerPoint 2007 Window screen will probably not look exactly like the screen shown above. In PowerPoint 2007, how a window displays depends on the size of the window, the size of your monitor, and the resolution to which your monitor is set. Screen Resolution determines how much information your computer monitor can display.If you use a low resolution, less information fits on your screen, but the size of your text and images are larger. If you use a high resolution, more information fits on your screen, but the size of the text and images are smaller. The Microsoft Office Button In the upper-left corner of the PowerPoint 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. It's similar to the old File Menu. When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file, print, and perform many other tasks. The Quick Access ToolbarNext to the Microsoft Office button in the upp er left corner is the Quick Access toolbar outlined in red in the image above. The Quick Access toolbar provides you with access to commands that are frequently used. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access toolbar. You use Save to save your file, Undo to rollback an action you have taken, and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back. You can customize this toolbar by right clicking on it or click the small black down arrow to the right. The Title Bar The Title bar is located at the top in the center of the PowerPoint 2007 window.The Title bar displays the name of the presentation on which you are currently working. By default, PowerPoint names presentations sequentially, starting with Presentation1. When you save your file, you can change the name of your presentation. The Ribbon Theà Ribbonà holds all of the commands and features of each of the tabs in the Ribbon. The Tabs are located across the top of the ribbon under the Title Bar. These contextual tabs will appear when you have something highlighted that calls for it. For example, if you have a picture highlighted on your slide, a Picture Tools tab will appear.Similar tools are located in Command Groups across the ribbon. Each Command Group includes Command Buttons to perform various actions on that group of tools. Getting PowerPoint to Do What You Want You use commands to tell PowerPoint what to do. In PowerPoint 2007, the commands you use are located on the the Ribbon. The Ribbon is located near the top of the PowerPoint 2007 window, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs and clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes.You may also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of a group. When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog box makes additional commands available. Clipboardà ââ¬â Cont ains the cut, copy, paste commands. The Format Painter tool is located here as are the Paste Special, Paste as Hyperlink, and Duplicate commands. Slidesà ââ¬â All the commonly used commands for creating new slides Fontà ââ¬â Includes the most commonly used commands for formatting font Paragraphà ââ¬â Includes all of the paragraph formatting commands, vertical and horizontal alignments, text direction, bullets, numbering, indenting, spacing before and after, columns, etc.It also includes the dialog box for tabs. Drawingà ââ¬â Allow you to add shapes and draw on your slides. This is Format Shape Dialog Box. Rulers Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. You use them to determine where you want to place an object. If the rulers do not display in your PowerPoint 2007 window: 1. Click the View tab. 2. Click Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The rulers appear. Slides, Placeholders, and Notes The Slide Window is broken up into several areas including the Slide Pane a nd the Notes Section. The Slide Pane appears in the center of the window while the Notes Section is at the bottom.There are also Placeholders on each slide depending on the slide layout that has been selected. These layouts may include placeholders for a slide title, subtitle, text, images, video, charts, graphs, etc. The placeholders hold the objects on your slides. Slides appear in the center of the window. You create your presentation by adding content to the slides. You can use the notes area to creates notes to yourself. You can refer to these notes as you give your presentation. For narrated presentations, this area is frequently used to write the script for the audio. Main Window Components, Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and MoreThe Status bar generally appears at the bottom of the window. The Status bar displays the number of the slide that is currently displayed, the total number of slides, and the name of the design template in use or the name of the background. The Outl ine tab displays the text contained in your presentation in an outline format. The Slides tab displays a thumbnail view of all your slides. You click the thumbnail to view the slide in the Slide pane. The View buttons appear near the bottom of the screen. You use the View buttons to change between Normal view, Slider Sorter view, and the Slide Show view. Normal ViewNormal view splits your screen into three major sections: the Outline and Slides tabs, the Slide pane, and the Notes area. The Outline and Slides tabs are on the left side of your window. They enable you to shift between two different ways of viewing your slides. The Slides tab shows thumbnails of your slides. The Outline tab shows the text on your slides. The Slide pane is located in the center of your window. The Slide pane shows a large view of the slide on which you are currently working. The Notes area appears below the Slide pane. You can type notes to yourself on the Notes area. Slide Sorter ViewSlide Sorter view s hows thumbnails of all your slides. In Slide Sorter view, you can easily add, delete, or change their order of your slides. Slide Show View Use the Slide Show view when you want to view your slides, as they will look in your final presentation. When in Slide Show view: Esc| Returns you to the view you were using previously. | Left-clicking| Moves you to the next slide or animation effect. When you reach the last slide, you automatically return to your previous view. | Right-clicking| Opens a pop-up menu. You can use this menu to navigate the slides, add speaker notes, select a pointer, and mark your presentation. |Zoom In & Zoom Out Zoom controls allows you to zoom in and zoom out on the window. Zooming in makes the window larger so you focus in on an object. Zooming out makes the window smaller so you can see the entire window. You can click and drag the vertical and horizontal splitter bars to change the size of your panes. What is a computer virus? A computer virus is a small sof tware program that spreads from one computer to another and interferes with computer operation. A computer virus might corrupt or delete data on a computer, use an email program to spread the virus to other computers, or even delete everything on the hard disk.Computer viruses are frequently spread by attachments in email messages or by instant messaging messages. Therefore, you must never open an email attachment unless you know who sent the message or you are expecting the email attachment. Viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Computer viruses also spread through downloads on the Internet. They can be hidden in pirated software or in other files or programs that you might download. Symptoms of a computer virus For information about the symptoms of a computer virus, go to theà Microsoft PC Securityà website. What is a worm?A worm is computer code that spreads without user interaction. Most worms begin as email attac hments that infect a computer when they're opened. The worm scans the infected computer for files, such as address books or temporary webpages, that contain email addresses. The worm uses the addresses to send infected email messages, and frequently mimics (or spoofs) the ââ¬Å"Fromâ⬠addresses in later email messages so that those infected messages seem to be from someone you know. Worms then spread automatically through email messages, networks, or operating system vulnerabilities, frequently overwhelming those systems before the cause is known.Worms aren't always destructive to computers, but they usually cause computer and network performance and stability problems. What is a trojan horse? A trojan horse is a malicious software program that hides inside other programs. It enters a computer hidden inside a legitimate program, such as a screen saver. Then it puts code into the operating system that enables a hacker to access the infected computer. Trojan horses do not usuall y spread by themselves. They are spread by viruses, worms, or downloaded software. What is spyware? Spyware can install on your computer without your knowledge.These programs can change your computerââ¬â¢s configuration or collect advertising data and personal information. Spyware can track Internet search habits and can also redirect your web browser to a different website than you intend to go to. What is rogue security software? A rogue security software program tries to make you think that your computer is infected by a virus and usually prompts you to download or buy a product that removes the virus. The names of these products frequently contain words like Antivirus, Shield, Security, Protection, or Fixer. This makes them sound legitimate.They frequently run right after you download them, or the next time that your computer starts. Rogue security software can prevent applications, such as Internet Explorer, from opening. Rogue security software might also display legitimate and important Windows files as infections. Typical error messages or pop-up messages might contain the following phrases: Warning! Your computer is infected! This computer is infected by spyware and adware. Noteà If you receive a message in a popup dialog box that resembles this warning, pressà ALT + F4à on your keyboard to close the dialog box.Do not click anything inside the dialog box. If a warning, such as the one here, keeps appearing when you try to close the dialog box, itââ¬â¢s a good indication that the message is malicious. Are you sure you want to navigate from this page? Your computer is infected! They can cause data lost and file corruption and need to be treated as soon as possible. Press CANCEL to prevent it. Return to System Security and download it to secure your PC. Press OK to Continue or Cancel to stay on the current page. If you see this kind of message, then don't download or buy the software.What is malware? Malware is a term that is used for malicio us software that is designed to do damage or unwanted actions to a computer system. Examples of malware include the following: Viruses Worms Trojan horses Spyware Rogue security software How to remove malware such as a virus, spyware, or rogue security software Removing a computer virus or spyware can be difficult without the help of malicious software removal tools. Some computer viruses and other unwanted software reinstall themselves after the viruses and spyware are detected and removed.Fortunately, by updating the computer and by using malicious software removal tools, you can help permanently remove unwanted software. For more information about how to remove a computer virus and spyware, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 2671662 ââ¬â Microsoft resources and guidance for removal of malware and viruses Noteà If you cannot access the Internet on your computer, use another computer to help you follow the steps in the ââ¬Å"How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settingsâ⬠section on the computer that may be infected.To remove a computer virus and other malicious software, follow these steps in order. Install the latest updates from Microsoft Update Noteà A computer virus may prevent you from accessing the Microsoft Update website to install the latest updates. We recommend that you set the Automatic Updates serviceà to run automatically so that a computer is not missing any important updates. For more information, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:à 306525 ââ¬â How to configure and use Automatic Updates in Windows Windows Vistaà andà Windows 7 Clickà Start, and then typeà Windows Updateà in the search box.In the results area, clickà Windows Update. Clickà Check for Updates. Follow the instructions to download and install the latest Windows Updates. Windows XP Clickà Start, and then clickà Run. Typeà sysdm. cpl, and then press Enter. Click theà Automatic Updatesà tab, and then click theà Automatic (recommended)à option. Clickà OK. Use the free Microsoft Safety Scanner Microsoft offers a free online tool that scans and helps remove potential threats from your computer. To perform the scan, go to theà Microsoft Safety Scannerà website. Use the Windows Malicious Software Removal ToolFor more information about the Microsoft Malicious Software Removal Tool, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 890830 ââ¬â The Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool helps remove specific, prevalent malicious software from computers that are running Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, or Windows XP Manually remove the rogue security software If the rogue security software canââ¬â¢t be detected or removed by using Microsoft Safety Scanner or the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool, try the following steps: Note the name of the rogue security software.For this example, we'll call i tà XP Security Agent 2010. Restart your computer. When you see the computer's manufacturer's logo, repeatedly press theà F8à key. When you are prompted, use the arrow keys to highlightà Safe Mode with Networking, and then press Enter. Clickà Startà and check whether the rogue security software appears on theà Startà menu. If it's not listed there, clickAll Programsà and scroll to find the rogue security software's name. Right-click the name of the rogue security software program, and then clickà Properties. Click theà Shortcutà tab.In theà Propertiesà dialog box, check the path of the rogue security software program that is listed inà Target. For example,à C:Program FilesXP Security Agent 2010. Noteà The folder name frequently is a random number. Clickà Open File Location. In theà Program Filesà window, clickà Program Filesà in the address bar. Scroll until you find the rogue security software program folder. For example,à XP Security Ag ent 2010. Right-click the folder, and then clickà Delete. Restart your computer. Go to theà Microsoft Safety Scannerà website. Follow the steps to run the scan and to help remove the rogue security software.If you suspect that your computer is infected with rogue security software that was not detected by using Microsoft security solutions, you can submit samples by using theà Microsoft Malware Protection Center submission form. For more information about rogue security software, go to theà Watch out for fake virus alertsà website. Install and run Microsoft Security Essentials Microsoft offers a free malicious removal program called Microsoft Security Essentials that helps protect your computer from becoming infected. To install Microsoft Security Essentials, follow these steps: Go to theà Microsoft Security Essentialsà website.Clickà Free Download. Clickà Run, and then follow the instructions to install Microsoft Security Essentials. After installation, restart your computer. Clickà Start, clickà All Programs, and then clickà Microsoft Security Essentials. On theà Homeà tab, select theà Fullà scan option, and then clickà Scan now. Install Windows Defender Offline Windows Defender Offline is a malware tool that helps remove difficult to eliminate viruses that start before Windows starts. To use Windows Defender Offline, follow these steps: On an uninfected computer, go to theà What is Windows Defender Offlineà website.Clickà Download the 32 bit versionà orà Download the 64 bit version, depending on which operating system that you are running. If you're unsure of which operating system that you are running, go to theà Is my PC running the 32-bit or 64-bit version of Windowsà website. When you are prompted, clickà Save As, and then save the file to a DVD, CD, or USB flash drive. On the infected computer, insert the DVD, CD, or USB flash drive, and then restart the computer. When you are prompted, press a key to select an option to use to start your computer, such as F12, F5, or F8, depending on the kind of computer that you are using.Use the arrow key to scroll to the drive where you installed Windows Defender Offline file. Windows Defender Offline starts and immediately scans for malware. For more information about how to remove a computer virus, go to theà How do I remove a computer virusà website. How to protect your computer against malware There are actions that you can take to help protect your computer against malware. Turn on the firewall For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows 7, go to theà Turn Windows 7 Firewall on or offwebsite.For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows Vista, go to theà Turn Windows Vista Firewall on or offà website. For information about how to turn on your firewall in Windows XP, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 283673 ââ¬â How can I turn on or turn off the firewall in Windows XP Service Pack 2 or later versions? Keep your computer up to date For more information about how to set Automatic Updates in Windows, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: 306525 ââ¬â How to configure and use Automatic Updates in Windows Install Microsoft Security Essentials and keep it up to dateFor more information about how to install and use Microsoft Security Essentials, go to theà Microsoft Security Essentialswebsite. Donââ¬â¢t be tricked into downloading malware Here are some tips that can help protect you from downloading software that you don't want: Only download programs from websites that you trust. If you're not sure whether to trust a program that you want to download, enter the name of the program into your favorite search engine to see whether anyone else has reported that it contains spyware. Read all security warnings, license agreements, and privacy statements that are associated with any software that you download.Never click ââ¬Å "Agreeâ⬠or ââ¬Å"OKâ⬠to close a window that you suspect might be spyware. Instead, click the red ââ¬Å"xâ⬠in the corner of the window or pressà Alt + F4à on your keyboard to close a window. Be wary of popular ââ¬Å"freeâ⬠music and movie file-sharing programs, and make sure that you understand all the software packaged with those programs. Use a standard user account instead of an administrator account. For more information, go to theà Why use a standard account instead of an administrator accountà website. For more information about how to protect a computer against viruses, go to theà How to boost your malware defense and protect your PCà website.How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings Malicious software might change Internet Explorer proxy settings, and these changes can prevent you from accessing Windows Update or any Microsoft Security sites. To have us change your Internet Explorer proxy settings for you, follow these steps: On an uninfected computer, see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge base: 2289942 ââ¬â How to reset your Internet Explorer proxy settings Go to theà Fix it for meà section. Click theà Fix ità button. Save the file to a flash drive or a CD when you are prompted. Insert the flash drive or CD in the infected computer.Start Windows, clickà Start, and then clickà Run. Clickà Browse. Select the location of the flash drive or CD. Double-click the file that you saved, and then clickà Open. To change your Internet Explorer proxy settings yourself, follow these steps: Clickà Start, and then clickà Run. In theà Runà box, copy and paste the following: reg add ââ¬Å"HKCUSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionInternet Settingsâ⬠/v ProxyEnable /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f Clickà OK. Clickà Start, and then clickà Run. In theà Runà box, copy and paste the following: reg delete ââ¬Å"HKCUSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionInternet Settingsâ⬠/v Pr oxyServer /f Clickà OK. Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-2257397002679889702020-01-02T06:23:00.001-08:002020-01-02T06:23:04.066-08:00Essay on Reconstruction After the Civil War - 934 Words The period of Reconstruction began during the Civil War and ended in 1877. This era is known for the advancements made in favor of racial equality. These improvements included the fourteenth amendment (citizenship and equal protection under the law to blacks) and the fifteenth amendment (voting rights for blacks) of the Constitution. Yet, with the end of Reconstruction in 1877, the Republican Party lost control of the southern governments and the Democratic Party took over. This shift in power was supposed to mark the beginning of the New South in which the virtues of thrift, industry, and progress would become the model characteristics of the South. However, the changes in the South from 1877-1900 reflected traditional attitudes andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦A major goal of the New South was to improve the regions industrial economy. This objective helped the South increase its number of textile factories dramatically. Since cotton planters had to transport their shipments to no rthern factories in the past, these new factories helped the southern farmers tremendously. Other industries that experienced an increase in production after Reconstruction were the tobacco-processing industry (James B. Duke founded the American Tobacco Company), the iron plus steel industry that boomed out of Birmingham, Alabama, and the railroad companies that helped the South double its amount of trackage from 1880-1890. Despite these industrial advancements, the South would never reach the impact industrialization had on the Northern economy. Also, in those areas of improvement, such as textiles and railroads, a large amount of the financial resources came from the North. The Souths major economic source was still agriculture and this was in bad shape too. Tenant farmers, including debt peonage and the crop-lien system, made up 70% of the Southern planters by 1900. Many African Americans who had just been freed from slavery made up this percentage. They now were apart of a bindi ng economic slavery. Although the South had improved its industry, it had not accumulated its goal of becoming an industrial region like the North. This fact, along with the agricultural hardships, had pushed theShow MoreRelatedThe Reconstruction After The Civil War977 Words à |à 4 Pagesend to start something new. One such movement was the Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time period between 1865 and 1877 following the Civil War, during which people of the United States worked to put the country back together again, introducing a new set of significant challenges. Though, like all things in life, it did come to an end, the resulting outcome had been labeled both a success and a failure. The Reconstruction after the Civil War consisted of failures as well as successes. DespiteRead MoreReconstruction after the Civil War900 Words à |à 4 PagesAfter Reading John Hope Franklinââ¬â¢sà Reconstruction after the Civil Warà I have a completely new outlook on reconstruction. Some may say that this book, regardless of its historical contribution on Reconstruction, which it tries to demolish William Dunningââ¬â¢s myth of white supremacy. It is also has a very serious attempt to be fair and objective about a very controversial period when race, politics and ideology played a very different role in Society. It is precisely in Franklinââ¬â¢s abilityRead MoreThe Reconstruction of America after the Civil War1078 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Civil War left a country divided not only by property lines and borders but by beliefs as well. Not just religious beliefs, moral beliefs also. It left both sides, north and south struggling, trying to figure out what their next move towards reuniting the divided America was going to be. The period following the end of the Civil War would become known as the ââ¬Å"Reconstruction Era.â⬠An era that raised just as many questions as it did answers. A reconstruction of America that seems to carry on manyRead MoreReconstruction After Civil War Essay1503 Words à |à 7 PagesReconstruction Reconstruction was a period of time between 1865 and 1877, which was very complex and controversial. It refers to the actual rebuilding of the south physically, economically and politically from the damage of the Civil War. It was an effort to rebuild southern states and also to restore the Union. During this time period, the federal government passed a series of laws, acts and amendments to bring change. Many of these amendments guaranteed the equal rights to African-AmericansRead MoreReconstruction After the Civil War Essay665 Words à |à 3 PagesReconstruction was the foremost goal for many after the civil war. Yet, various individuals and political parties held a plethora of contrasting beliefs concerning how to face this reconstruction task. In terms of the Reconstruction, two ideas permeated the political field: who would have the authority to enact these changes and in what ways would national unity be accomplished. It is obvious that throughout this time the power held within the federal government would be challenged by southern stateRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era after the Civil War558 Words à |à 2 Pages The Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction Era was looked upon with much optimism, considering that abolitionists and African Americans believed that this process would make it possible for them to achieve their goals. The project was generally meant to assist the South in reintegrating in the Union and in assisting African Americans to become equal to white individuals in the U.S. The Freedmen were apparently one of the main missions that the Reconstruction was designed for and it actually seemedRead MoreAmerican Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay1228 Words à |à 5 Pages Reconstruction was a period of time after the Civil War (1865-1877) that was supposed to be the rebuilding of America. It was also the process used to readmit all the Confederate states back into the Union. There was controversy, however, on how to go about rebuilding the nation. Abraham Lincoln proposed a lenient plan. After he was assassinated, Andrew Johnson proposed a very similar plan. The Radical Republicans, a group of legislators that were in favor of freedmenââ¬â¢s rights, were opposedRead MoreReconstruction Policy after the Civil War Essay1176 Words à |à 5 PagesPost-civil war the torn nation juggles wide ranges of emotions as they attempt to piece together the shattered unity but didnââ¬â¢t know how to go about doing so. President Lincoln had great plans for the reconstruction but was killed before he could put them into action. He was murdered by John Booth at Ford Theater and passed the next morning. Lincolnââ¬â¢s Vice-president, Andrew Johnson, took ove r and became the new president. Johnson and Congress argued about how to go about the reconstruction and inRead MoreThe Problems of the Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay898 Words à |à 4 PagesAfter the conclusion of Americaââ¬â¢s Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln pitched the idea of ââ¬Å"Reconstruction,â⬠which would bring the southern states back into the Union. President Lincoln, according to many radical Republicans, was too gentle on the south. The government was divided on how to solve the issue of readmitting the southern states back into the Union. In addition to that, the government was not certain on what rights to enumerate to the newly emancipated slaves. These issues became moreRead MoreThe Reconstruction Effort That Occurred After The Civil War1476 Words à |à 6 Pages The Reconstruction effort that occurred after the Civil War from 1865 - 1866 had both positive and negative effects on the nation. Leading up to the Reconstruction attempt, there was developing regional differences between the North and South. Slavery was the issue of the decade. North argued that it was inhumane, while the South was quick to point out that many Northerners benefited from slavery. The Presidential election of Lincoln lead to the succession of the South. They believed that the United Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-3530215436867270422019-12-25T02:50:00.001-08:002019-12-25T02:50:03.483-08:00The Concept Of Iago By William Shakespeare - 1163 Words ââ¬Å"The Concept of Iagoâ⬠William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s plays all have a common theme: death. There is almost always death, and the play of ââ¬Å"Othelloâ⬠is no different since it ends in a ââ¬Å"tragedy.â⬠It begins with a man named Iago who speaks to Roderigo of how he should have received the position of lieutenant that was instead given to Cassio, a inexperienced man in his words, by Othello, the General. Iago shows distaste towards Othello, the play then goes through the story of Iago attempting to receive the position of lieutenant, that he believes should have been his in the first place, this is what left the belief that Iago is an ââ¬Å"evilâ⬠or ââ¬Å"villainousâ⬠man. But this logic is flawed since heââ¬â¢s most likely only perceived this was because of the death ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As Raatzsch wrote in his book, called ââ¬Å"The Apologetics of Evil: The case of Iagoâ⬠, that Iago is merely a man who has been ââ¬Å"rejected and despisedâ⬠not to me ntion that his service and qualifications have been ââ¬Å"downgradedâ⬠therefore made to feel insecure and vulnerable. This leads to the belief that Iago only acted to plot against others for the fact that Iago feels inferior, so he has to beat others in order to feel better. This leaves the topic that Iago has done all of these cruel things as a ââ¬Å"defense mechanismâ⬠(Gill XI). ââ¬Å"... The more willing we are to accept the fact that in our story such a motive is poorly developed, the easier it will be for us to understand the traditional form of this story as a disguise for something else,â⬠(Raatzsch 33). The quote means that Iagoââ¬â¢s motives are the real idea behind his actions, the ââ¬Å"disguiseâ⬠is vulnerability left as defense mechanisms and the real idea is what he represents, as Raatzsch has stated: it is the ââ¬Å"concept of Iagoâ⬠that is the real motive for the course of the plays tragedy. George Bernard Shaw, even goes as far as calling him as the ââ¬Å"prince of villainsâ⬠for his sharp insight on the other characters as Iago takes the situations at hand and tries to benefit from it, as opportunist you may say. But Iago s sharp insight is what leaves the questions whether Iago has really ââ¬Å"manipulatedâ⬠the situation when his sharp insight could allow him to see the weakness and insecurity in the other characters that lead themShow MoreRelatedDramatic Irony Used for Characterization in Othello by Shakespeare713 Words à |à 3 PagesCaine,] Batman; The Dark Knight). William Shakespeare uses a variety of literary devices throughout his works, but his use of dramatic irony specifically puts his readers at the edge of their seats. Being full of jealousy and betrayal, the plot of Othello is guided by this playwrightââ¬â¢s usage of dramatic irony. Through the use of dramatic irony and characterization Shakespeare creates Iago, the most sinister character in all of literature. William Shakespeare, being born on April 23, 1563Read MoreEssay The Tragedy of Othello1292 Words à |à 6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare masterfully crafted Othello, the Moor of Venice as an Aristotelian tragedy play. The main protagonist of the play, Othello, is the perfect example of a tragic hero. Shakespeare was influenced by Aristotleââ¬â¢s concept of a tragic hero and used Aristotleââ¬â¢s principles to create Othello. William Shakespeare attempted to create an Aristotelian tragedy play with a tragic hero and succeeded in Othello, the Moor of Venice by weaving in pity and fear into each line and action. The powerRead MoreMarriage in Othello834 Words à |à 4 Pagesare supposed to work through their problems and support each other. In William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play Othello, he suggests otherwise. Both Desdemona and Emilia were killed by their husbands. The only girl left at the end of the play is Bianca, a prostitute. Marriage, while generally a positive concept, is fatal and dangerous in William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play Othello. Both Desdemona and Othello were happy with their marriage until Iago purposely sabotaged it. He convinced Othello that Desdemona was cuckoldingRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare757 Words à |à 4 Pages The Tragedy of Othello by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare uses many literary devices to enhance and provide greater complexity in his works. More specifically, the theme, symbolism, and dramatic irony are used to enrich Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Tragedy of Othello. The plot is definitely engaging but the theme allows for an universal human correspondence, furthering the depth of the authorââ¬â¢s message. The element of symbolism contributes to the theme of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s tragedy. Symbolism expressesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1323 Words à |à 6 Pagesown demise. William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Othello the Moore of Venice is a play about a heroic individual that goes through a tragic event based on his decisions throughout the play. Many of the characters that Shakespeare presents in his plays reveal attitudes and value that is reflective of both the Elizabethan society in sixteenth century England and William Shakespeare; these values are evident in the context of the Venetian society th at Othello takes place in. Through Othello Shakespeare embodies hisRead More Iagos Manipulative Nature in Shakespeares Othello Essays1109 Words à |à 5 Pagesit would appear that Iago has an exceptional ability to scheme, a talent which he uses to snake his way into the lives of others and exploit them through their weaknesses. Whether he does this for profit or for pleasure is a separate issue. Throughout the course of the play, Iago crosses the path of each major character we encounter. Though his effect varies according to characters, he is a presence in the life of each. Rodrigo, Othello and Desdemona who each allow Iago to demonstrate his capacityRead MoreSocial Context of Othello667 Words à |à 3 Pagescourt were the first to watch a production of William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Othello.â⬠The famous playwright was in the midst of his tragedy period, penning such classics as ââ¬Å"Hamlet,â⬠ââ¬Å"King Lear,â⬠and ââ¬Å"Macbeth.â⬠The story of ââ¬Å"Othelloâ⬠has its roots in the historical events and cultural atmosphere of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It was a common practice of playwrights at the time to borrow or lift plot ideas from other preexisting stories, and Shakespeare was no exception to the rule. The plot ofRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello889 Words à |à 4 Pagesthey saw as issues in their respective cultures and societies. William Shakespeare in one of his most famous plays Othello lies out a problem which he thought was pertinent enough for him to deal with directly, that is the problem of race. Othello was a Moor, a man of African descent who was put in a hostile situation by being put in Venice a primarily white society. The role of race in Othello and the kind of language used by Shakespeare throughout the play point towards Othelloââ¬â¢s race and how othersRead MoreA Malevolent Villain Essay1086 Words à |à 5 Pagesto the plot and tension of the work. Another malicious character is Iago, the villain in one of William Shakespeareââ¬â¢s greatest tragedies, Othello. In this play Iago sets out to destroy Othello for multiple reasons, most of which are unsubstantiated imaginings. Iagoââ¬â¢s role as a malicious villain is evidenced by his misogynist, racist, and manipulative behaviors. The first evidence of Iagoââ¬â¢s malicious villainy is his misogyny. Iago hates women and repeatedly debases sex. He is cruel to his wife andRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello, The Moor1720 Words à |à 7 PagesJuly 2015 Outline. Thesis: The tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice written by William Shakespeare, the author uses a characters to express the complex social circumstance of race at the time and how the white menââ¬â¢s ideas about black people leads to their hate and downfalls throughout the play. Sociological Approach. I. Summary plot. II. Description of the main characters and racial influence on the plot. A. Iago, and his motives of racism. B. Brabantio, and induced racism. C. Roderigo, subliminal Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-9488849261819245592019-12-16T22:38:00.001-08:002019-12-16T22:38:03.268-08:00Parkinson s Disease Causes, Treatments, And Nursing Care Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease: Causes, Treatments, and Nursing Care Hannah Wilhelm Tompkins Cortland Community College Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease: Causes, Treatments, and Nursing Care The World Health Organization projects that, by 2040, neurodegenerative diseases will become more common than cancer (Cashell, 2014). Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease (PD) is widely listed as the second most common neurodegenerative disease (Wuong, 2012; Gillies et al., 2014; Cashell, 2014; Walker, Davidson, Gray, 2012). This disease, usually characterized by a tremor, but featuring systemic effects, has been diagnosed in one to two percent of people over age 65 (Casey, 2013). Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease is incurable; the goal of the healthcare team is to help the patient to maintain function, independence and quality of life (Miertovà ¡ et al., 2014; Magennis, Lynch, Corry, 2014). In the discussion that follows, current understanding of the causes and treatment of PD will be summarized, along with examples of nursing interventions. Primary Prevention and Populations at Risk Primary prevention -- using methods to prevent a disease before it begins -- requires an understanding of the diseaseââ¬â¢s cause. Most cases of PD are idiopathic; these result from an interaction between genetic factors and the environment (Heath, 2011). Five to ten percent of PD cases are due to inherited genetic mutations (Gillies et al., 2014; Heath, 2011). The largest risk factor for developing PD is increased age (Stacy et al., 2009). PD has aShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinson s Disease Foundation1443 Words à |à 6 PagesParkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease Foundation states that this disease is a chronic and progressive movement disorder. In another words, the disease typically worsens over time. Nearly one million people in the United States live with Parkinsonââ¬â¢s disease today (Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease Foundation: What is Parkinsonââ¬â¢s Disease, 2016). The cause of this disease is still being researched and tested, but as of now it is still unknown and has no cure. Since there is no cure, things like medications, treatments, and surgeryRead More Nursing Home Evaluation Essay examples1435 Words à |à 6 PagesNursing Home Evaluation I am seeking to find a home for my 76 year old Grandfather Leroy. It is becoming increasingly difficult for him to take care of himself and no family members are available to take care of him as it is becoming a full time job. He was diagnosed with colon cancer a few years back and his disease, in conjunction with chemotherapy, has taken away his capacity to care for himself. He was also recently diagnosed with Parkinsonà ¡Ã ¯s disease. The name of the Nursing home that IRead MoreThe Cure Of Parkinson s Disease1761 Words à |à 8 PagesAbstract Parkinson s is a very complex subject since there is still no cure and heredity still can t be proven. As a CNA you are expected to know that there are different diseases with different needs. Parkinson s has many signs and symptoms. If tremors are noticeable it is best to get a check up, but just because you show signs it is no reason to self diagnose. Before Parkinson s begins you can always try to prevent it. Who knew caffeine could prevent Parkinson s. Although Parkinson s can beRead MoreThe Most Common Risk Factor For Alzheimer Disease1537 Words à |à 7 Pagesalzheimer s disease. Risk factors on their own are not causes of a disease. Risk factors represent an increased chance, but not a certainty, that Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease will develop. The most common risk factors are age,history and heredity but evidence suggests that there may other factors that can be influenced. Ageing is the most common risk factor for alzheimer disease. Most individuals that are diagnosed with this condition are 65 or older. The likelihood of being conspired by this disease doublesRead MoreEssay on Community Health Nursing Case Review1664 Words à |à 7 PagesParkinsonââ¬â¢s disease is a disorder that affects the nerve cells, in a part of the brain that controls the movement of muscles. Symptoms of this debilitating disease include trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face, stiffness of arms, legs and trunk, slowness of movement, poor balance and coordination. As symptoms get progressively worse, people may experience depression, sleep problems, swallowing and speaking problems. Till now there is no cure for this disease. Viewpoint of Client- ThisRead MoreAlzheimer s Is A Difficult Disease1737 Words à |à 7 PagesAlzheimerââ¬â¢s is a difficult disease for everyone to understand. This disease has diverse effects on each person diagnosed with it. Considering that the symptoms are similar to other diseases and syndromes, it may be hard to know the initial cause of the disease itself. Knowing if someone truly has Alzheimerââ¬â¢s only comes after the personââ¬â¢s death and an autopsy is performed on the brain. By better understanding the disease with information that we already have, it will help further assist alongsideRead MoreThe Origins Of Nathaniel Witherell1402 Words à |à 6 Pagesclaimed mission was committing the facility to ââ¬Å"treatment of contagious diseasesâ⬠such as the Smallpox, Tuberculosis, the Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria. Later on in 1917, on Perry Ridge road, a new ââ¬Å"Greenwich hospitalâ⬠was opened and the hospital on Parsonage road was renamed ââ¬Å"The M unicipal Hospitalâ⬠(Owned and Operated by the Town of Greenwichâ⬠). Due to medical advancements, common chronic diseases can be treated and cured, therefore modifying the facility s purpose in a way that meets of need of theRead MoreA Literature Review On Alzheimer s Disease2495 Words à |à 10 Pagesdementias that currently exist within our health care cycle, then it will solely concentrate on Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease, what it is and the symptomââ¬â¢s regarding it. The second part of the literature review will solely concentrate on the carer aspect covering the following areas, Impact of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s disease caregiving, Caregiver physical and general health and Caregiver interventions that may improve caregiver outcomes. Types Of Dementia Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease This is known as the most common form of dementiaRead MoreHeroin Addiction : A Growing Epidemic1474 Words à |à 6 Pagesgender, race, and ethnic backgrounds struggle with this addiction. Heroin is a highly addictive analgesic illegal drug, that many people abuse. The disease of addiction is a powerful illness, that is difficult to recover from. Many wonder if there will ever be a cure. Addicts go through many stages of recovery, and many do not make it through treatment, and unfortunately relapse. Now that it is a common issue in the United States, healthcare workers face many issues regarding caring for patients withRead More Reflection Upon A Critical Incident Essay2677 Words à |à 11 Pagesproviding quality of care to patients (NMC 2015). In order to provide this care there is a need to have the ability to critically think, problem solve, make judgement and contribute to planning. Through the use of Critical thinking these skills can be developed, which can allows the nurse to analysis the situation through evidence , logical thinking and the actions that lead to the incident and will result in a change of practise in the future wit the hope to improve patient care.(Bulman 2008) The Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-45845155282480766552019-12-08T19:21:00.001-08:002019-12-08T19:21:05.011-08:00Relationship Between Uncompensated Price Elastic Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Uncompensated Price Elastic. Answer: Introduction: The term Ceteris Paribus is associated to a Latin phrase, which means "all other things being equal" or "other things held constant". The interpretation made on the economic aspect has been seen in terms of the different types of the description and the formulation of economic outcomes. Hence, the assumption based on the conceptualization of the Ceteris Paribus is able to show the different types of the concepts related to the application of the several other variables while the immediate considerations are held constant (Cartwright 2013). In the given case, process of moving to the new equilibrium output and price is seen with an increase in the price of the beef. It has been further seen that the major factor contributing to the rise in the price of beef to rise in Australia is mainly due to the decrease in the supply of the cattle products. Hence, major factor contributing to the rise in the price of beef to rise in Australia is seen with the price rise, which is being driven by a fall in the number of cattle being turned into beef. As per the given case, it has been further observed Spaghetti bolognaise and T-bone steaks are getting too expensive, pushing Australians towards other types of meat. The application of the concept related to the Ceteris Paribus is seen with the cost of most goods is either static or falling; while the price of beef has risen by more than 16 per cent over the past 12 months. It has been further seen that the different type of the demand of the product has been seen to be constant in nature while the number of cattle sent to the different typed of the local abattoirs was down sharply. It has been seen that while the number of calves processed fell to its lowest level on record. It has not only led to lesser quality of red meat on the shelf and but also led to higher prices (Schurz 2014). It has been further seen that the application of the concept related to the Ceteris Paribus is appropriate in the given case as the price and the quantity demanded of an ordinary good has been seen in form of the ordinary goods. It has been seen that the cost of most goods is either static or falling hence; the diagram clearly shows that the supply has fallen in the last 12 months hence it shifted from S1 to S2. It has further led to fall in quantity from Q1to Q2 and the rise in the price of the moving to the new equilibrium output and price has been seen with rise from P1 to P2 (Nickel 2014). Based on the given case it has been observed that the with the price of beef has risen 16 per cent over the past 12 months it has been seen that Mince has climbed towards $15 a kilogram, and prime barbecue cuts of beef are well over $30/kg. Hence, it can be clearly observed that the the price elasticity of demand for beef in Australian market is elastic in nature. The price elasticity of demand is seen as the responsiveness or in other terms, also known as the elasticity of the quantity demanded for a particular good or service to a change in its price. It can be seen that the due to the lower amount of supply of the beef products the price in the market has gone up. This has clearly shown that the elasticity of the price is high in term of the supply and due to the rise in the relevant price of the products. It can be further seen that there has not been anything stated related to the consumer demand. Hence, it can be seen the price elasticity related to the consumer expenditure is unaffected by the changes in the price of the beef. This is evident because there have been several types of the other items which can act as the substitutes products. The rise in the price of the beef can be seen to compensate by the stagnant prices in case of the chicken. Hence, it can be seen that the consumer expenditure related to the price of the beef is seen to be constant in nature. In order to show the different types of the effect of the changes in the rise in the price related to the supply of the beef items has been shown below with the diagram as follows. It has been further seen that the different types of the changes associated to the rise in the level of the prices related to the coefficient of the price elasticity of demand. Due to the significant amount of changes in the price due to lower supply, the price elasticity has been seen to be lesser than 1 and hence the demand can be elastic in nature in the long run (Sabatelli 2016). The use of supply and demand diagram to explain the impact of the rising price of beef on a related market has been seen to be applicable in the law of demand. According to this law in case of rise in the price of the beef, there can be significant amount of fall on demand of the beef items. It can be further seen that the fall in the price of the other substitutes products such as chicken will lead to overall 9oncreemetn of the demand in case of the other meat products. Hence, as per the law of the demand it can be seen that as the price of the beef products is seen to be going up then there can be a significant amount of decrease in the rise of the beef items. The different types got the associated changes in the rise in the prices of the beef items can be directly related to the fall in the demand of the consumers (Coglianese et al. 2016). It can be further seen that that as the supply is also lower of the amount of the demand will be compensated with the higher amount of the pric es in the beef products. It ca been further observed that the different types of the prices related to the increase in the price from $15 a kilogram to $ 30 a kilogram, can be seen to affecting the market equilibrium. The equilibrating process in the related market in terms of the new equilibrium output and price can be seen with the relevant decreasing the demand of the products. The diagram given below adheres to the law of demand and is able to depict the relevant changes in the demand of the consumers due to the significant rise in the price of the beef products (Flottau and Warwick 2013). As per the given case the decrease in the supply of the beef items is shown with S to S, this has reduced the quantity demanded from Q to Q2. In addition to this, the new equilibrium has been depicted with E to E2 (Wood 2014). Reference List Cartwright, N., 2013. Ceteris paribus laws in practice. Coglianese, J., Davis, L.W., Kilian, L. and Stock, J.H., 2016. Anticipation, tax avoidance, and the price elasticity of gasoline demand.Journal of Applied Econometrics. Flottau, J. and Warwick, G., 2013. Supply and Demand.Aviation Week and Space Technology,175(10). Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Nickel, B., 2014. The role of kinds in the semantics of ceteris paribus laws.Erkenntnis,79(10), pp.1729-1744. Pemberton, J. and Cartwright, N., 2014. Ceteris paribus laws need machines to generate them.Erkenntnis,79(10), pp.1745-1758. Sabatelli, L., 2016. Relationship between the Uncompensated Price Elasticity and the Income Elasticity of Demand under Conditions of Additive Preferences.PloS one,11(3), p.e0151390. Schurz, G., 2014. Ceteris paribus and ceteris rectis laws: Content and causal role.Erkenntnis,79(10), pp.1801-1817. Thimmapuram, P.R. and Kim, J., 2013. Consumers' price elasticity of demand modeling with economic effects on electricity markets using an agent-based model.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(1), pp.390-397. Wood, J., 2014. Supply and demand.Construction Journal, p.7. Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-18043501919633482442019-12-01T07:04:00.001-08:002019-12-01T07:04:02.182-08:00Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King Jr. free essay sample Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King, Jr. Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King, Jr. are both great men known for their dignity and love of country. Through comparison, Jose Rizal was proponent of institutional reforms through his writings, while Martin Luther King, Jr. used his charismatic personality through orations and sermons to cry out the need for change. Both of them used peaceful means instead of violent revolutions to attain their heroic Through Rizals perspective, during the Spanish occupation, the Filipinos purpose. tarted to lose their own identity. They were forced to praise and admire the things hat were foreign and incomprehensible. The Filipinos endured this kind of life, but sad to say, they would only be repaid with insults and abuses. They were highly discriminated, they were treated as slaves and puppets, and they were robbed of their human rights. Rizal, who cared so much for his countrymen, did not bear this sight, so wrote his two famous novels, Noli Me Tangere and E l Filibusterismo, even if he knew that this was a sure danger to his life. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal and Martin Luther King Jr. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Like Rizal, King saw the United States as a divided country. Black men are separated from the whites even in the simplest daily activities like eating in a estaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a washroom, attending school, going to the movies, and rental or purchase of a home. He believed that this segregation would only generate hate and perpetuate a feeling of distrust among the races. King, like Rizal, also loved his country so much, that he bravely stood for his fellow blacks, even if it cost his life. While Rizal tried to awaken the lethargic spirits of the abused Filipinos through his symbolisms in his novels, King voiced out the cries of injustice among the powerless black Americans through his charismatic personality to the population. Rizal sought to defeat injustice, not the people. That is why, he used only his moral means. Similarly, King tried to achieve his goal by touching the hearts of the people. He appealed to the consciences of the white Americans and thus brought political leverage to bear on the federal government. He feared nothing and trusted only God and himself. And all his actions were peaceful and morally upright. Upon Rizals martyred death of age 35, it did not cow the spirits of his people, but furthermore propagated the burning desire for freedom. His death was the catalyst hat precipitated the Philippine Revolution, which later led to Philippine Independence. King also died at a young age of 39 when he was assassinated. And in the same way, his death did not end the advent for social Justice in the United States. But it led to the abolition of legal apartheid in many parts of America. Rizals ideologies helped create a new climate of thought which led to the attrition of colonialism and the emergence of new Asiatic nations. This only proved that Rizals influence was not limited to the boundaries of his country, but extended to the whole f Asia and even the world. Likewise, Kings influence reached internationally and inspired more and more people to promote equal rights and brotherhood. Both Rizal and King are well known, inspiring men, to all cultures of the world. They were their quests like imprisonment and assassination. Despite these obstacles, they became successful leaders and even after their deaths guided their fellowmen in a non-violent and positive direction for the fight to secure rights and equality. These reasons make them worthy enough of the title heroes heroes who shaped the world of today. Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-13450132561410590542019-11-26T13:45:00.001-08:002019-11-26T13:45:04.196-08:00How does Shakespeare Present Romeo in Acts 1 and 2 of Romeo and Juliet Essay ExampleHow does Shakespeare Present Romeo in Acts 1 and 2 of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example How does Shakespeare Present Romeo in Acts 1 and 2 of Romeo and Juliet Paper How does Shakespeare Present Romeo in Acts 1 and 2 of Romeo and Juliet Paper suggests that he is bored and waiting for something to happen as he is so shocked about how early it is in the day. To emphasise this, he goes on to say, ââ¬Å"Ay me, sad hours seem so longâ⬠. Benvolio asks Romeo why he is sad and he explains that he is sad because he has no love and his line, ââ¬Å"Out of here favour where I am in lovesâ⬠shows that the person he loves does not love him. This is how the audience first learns of Romeoââ¬â¢s love. To show even more how love struck and sad Romeo is, he admits it to himself when he says, ââ¬Å"This is not Romeo, he is some other where. Benvolio asks him to ââ¬Å"examine other beautiesâ⬠to cure his love sickness. But Romeo says that if his eyes see anything more beautiful than Rosaline, then ââ¬Å"turn tears to firesâ⬠. This shows that Romeo is very single-minded on Rosaline and believes that no one could be more beautiful than her. Shakespeare presents Romeo as confused through his mixture of feelings and the words that he uses. He uses many oxymorons such as, ââ¬Å"oh heavy lightness, oh serious vanity feather of lead.. â⬠This shows that Romeo is extremely confused as the oxymoron show that he isnt thinking straight and maybe his feelings are perplexing him further. In a way, this presents Romeo as a hopeless case as he has no idea what he is saying as he is so deeply thrown into a spiral of depression and love. Shakespeare presents Romeo as constantly being upset and at times being a spoil sport. In Act 1 Scene 5, on the way to the Capuletââ¬â¢s party, he explains that he has a ââ¬Å"soul of leadâ⬠which ââ¬Å"stakes [him] to the ground [he] cannot moveâ⬠. This shows that he is very serious about his love for Rosaline and feels his sadness is not allowing him to have fun, but to grieve and moan. Reluctantly, Romeo agrees to go to the party in the hope that he will find Rosaline. At the Capuletââ¬â¢s party, Romeo finds another girl, Juliet, and is entranced by her beauty. He asks himself, ââ¬Å"Did my heart love till now? â⬠This line suggests that he is fickle-minded and he begins to wonder whether he did really love Rosaline. His passionate feelings are shown when he says, ââ¬Å"she doth teach the torches to burn brightâ⬠. This means that in Romeoââ¬â¢s opinion, Julietââ¬â¢s beauty outshined the torches lighting the hallway. She inspired the fire and the torches to burn brighter. She has the power to illuminate all things around her with her burning beauty. Also the alliteration of the harsh ââ¬Ëbââ¬â¢ in ââ¬Ëburning brightââ¬â¢ and the soft ââ¬Ëtââ¬â¢ in ââ¬Ëteach the torchesââ¬â¢ gives a sense of random emotion from Romeo who is trying to work out his feelings for Juliet. Shakespeare presents Romeo as a more realistic character with his description of feelings seeming more honest. An example would be ââ¬Å"the measure of thy joy be heapââ¬â¢d like mine. â⬠In Act 1 Scene 5, Romeoââ¬â¢s language becomes more sincere and more positive. Romeo and Julietââ¬â¢s first conversation is in sonnet form to show how well the couple understand each other. This is the use of iambic pentameter ââ¬â a traditional meter for love poetry sounds like a heartbeat. This is clear as their language slots perfectly together and they immediately match each otherââ¬â¢s rhymes and rhythms, thus creating a connection, isolating the love around them. Up till now, Romeoââ¬â¢s poetry has been cliched and poor so this sonnet provides a real contrast and changes the audienceââ¬â¢s thoughts on Romeo, showing that Romeo has genuinely developed and matured as a character over the course of the play. This also shows that Romeo had an immature attitude towards his relationship with Rosaline, thus making his relationship with Juliet seem more powerful in comparison. Also, it could be said that Romeo never properly loved Rosaline and he is simply a ââ¬Å"young wavererâ⬠who falls in love too easily. Shakespeare also presents Romeo as being a true love by using religious imagery in Act 1 Scene 5 and in Act 2 Scene 2 as Romeo and Julietââ¬â¢s conversations are constantly mentioning angels, saints and gods. These images show that their love is pure and innocent and possibly even approved by God. An example would be ââ¬Å"my lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand. On the other hand, this can also suggest that their love is out of control and that they donââ¬â¢t just love each other but they in fact worship each other. This use of imagery at the time was very controversial because it was seen as dangerous and sinful to worship anyone except God. Romeo finally is presented as an adventurous and daring character by Shakespeare. He attended the Capulet fancy dress ball, despite being a Montague thus creating suspense. The tension also increases when Romeo says that he ââ¬Ëhad a dreamââ¬â¢ that made him afraid to go to the party. Romeo throughout Act 1 and Act 2 creates tension for the audience and goes out late at night to see Juliet on the balcony in Act 2 Scene 2, unfazed, undeterred and never losing his curiosity. To conclude, Shakespeare presents Romeo in a unique way to the rest of the characters. He gives Romeo different personalities so at times; Romeo is romantic, caring and passionate whereas at other times, he can be funny and intelligent as well as having a dark and violent side. Shakespeare does this using a range on techniques and devices and though impulsive and immature, his idealism and passion make him an extremely likable character. Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-48301779468990031962019-11-22T21:08:00.001-08:002019-11-22T21:08:04.318-08:00Quantifier - Definition and ExamplesQuantifier s In grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner (such as all, some, or much) that expresses a relative or indefinite indication of quantity. Quantifiers usually appear in front of nouns (as in all children), but they may also function as pronouns (as in All have returned). A complex quantifier is a phrase (such as a lot of) that functions as a quantifier. Examples and Observations I believe that every person is born with talent.à (Maya Angelou)Most of the people who will walk after me will be children, so make the beat keep time with short steps. (Hans Christian Andersen, in the instructions for the music for his funeral)Many books require no thought from those who read them, and for a very simple reason: they made no such demand upon those who wrote them. (Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon, or Many things in Few Words, 1820)All politicians should have three hats: one to throw into the ring, one to talk through, and one to pull rabbits out of if elected. (Carl Sandburg)Ive had a lot of worries in my life, most of which never happened. (attributed to Mark Twain, among others) Meanings of Quantifiers Quantifiers can be classified in terms of their meaning. Some quantifiers have a meaning of inclusiveness. That is, they refer to an entire group. Both refers to two members of a group of two, few to a subgroup of the entire group, and all to the totality of members of a group of unspecified size. Every and each refer to single members of a group. The difference between all, a few, and both on the one hand and each and every, is reflected in subject-verb agreementââ¬â¹Other quantifiers are noninclusive and have a meaning related to size or quantity. These quantifiers can be classified by the relative size they indicate. For example, many and much refer to large quantities, some to a moderate quantity, and little and few to small quantities . . .. (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Partitives and Quantifiers: Agreement There is, in fact, a somewhat fuzzy distinction between partitive structures and inclusives and Quantifiers formed with of. In a clause such as a lot of students have arrived it is the noun students which determines number agreement on the Finite (have - plural). It is not normally possible to say *a lot of students has arrived. Therefore students is the head of the noun group and a lot of is a complex Quantifier. Similarly, it is also normal to say a number of students have arrived not a number of students has arrived, that is, to treat a number of as a complex Quantifier. . . .For beginning learners, it may be best to introduce expressions such as a lot of and a number of as complex Quantifiers but in other cases to err on the prescriptive side and encourage agreement with the noun preceding of. (Graham Lock, Functional English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 1996) Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, and Quantifiers Count nouns (e.g. diamond, bottle, book, board, waiter, table, cat, bush, truck, house) and mass nouns (e.g. gold, coffee, paper, wood, meat, air, water, coal, smoke, blood, wine) differ grammatically in the range of articles and quantifiers they occur with. For instance, count nouns occur with the indefinite article a but not with the complex quantifier a lot of: a diamond, *a lot of diamond. Mass nouns do the opposite: a lot of gold, *a gold. (Ronald W. Langacker, Linguistic Manifestations of the Space-Time (Dis)Analogy. Space and Time in Languages and Cultures: Language, Culture, and Cognition, ed. by Luna FilipoviÃâ¡ and Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt. John Benjamins, 2012) Zero Plurals After numerals or quantifiers, count nouns may have a zero plural (the same form as in the singular): thirty year, many mile.ââ¬â¹Ã (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Also Known As: quantifying determiner Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-53150041147711699762019-11-21T02:57:00.001-08:002019-11-21T02:57:05.613-08:00Discuss the pros and cons of private vs. public defense. Please Research PaperDiscuss the pros and cons of private vs. public defense. Please remember this is not an opinion question - Research Paper Example When charged for criminal or civil offences, people always have to choose the type of attorney to use because of the benefits they can accrue from them. This paper reports on the pros and cons of a public and private attorney. The first advantage that associated with public defenders is that they are professionals whose services are given to the public free of charge. Anyone entitled to the services of public attorney does not need to pay. Since they are paid by the county and state governments, the public do not need to spend even a single cent on them. Meaning, they are the cheapest attorneys whose services are guaranteed so long as one qualifies to be represented by them. However, this does not apply to the private defenders who are directly hired by the client who fully pays for their services in case they need to be represented in a court of law. In fact, this is a disadvantage of private defenders (Reyrauch, 2011). Unlike their counterparts, private attorneys only represent one in the court of law if they are properly paid by the same client. Meaning, if one does not have enough money, one might be forced to borrow, take a loan or forfeit the services of a private defender. The other advantage of a public defender is that their presence in a case might make the case to be presided over and finished within the shortest time possible. As public officers, public defenders often have a backlog of cases to represent. Therefore, in order to save on time, they have to liaise with the prosecutor and the bench to ensure that a case is heard and decided upon within a short time. This is the only way through which they can create room for other cases which are obviously awaiting them. Surprisingly, this does not apply to the private defenders who are keen on simultaneously handling a few cases and spending a lot of time in conducting private investigations and conducting all the other logistical. So, with Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-55817538191814046682019-11-19T12:15:00.001-08:002019-11-19T12:15:04.901-08:00Course work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1Course work - Essay Example With the introduction of the computer technology to the human society during the 19th Century, the works or the tasks of people have been further created with ease. With the implementation of computer systems within the existing systems of completion for human tasks, the jobs of people, which can be merged with technological arrangements, were enhanced to becoming easily completed. Today, 95% of the whole population of man all around the world utilizes the computer systems for their everyday application. Even ordinary appliances are now compiled with complex operating systems based upon computer arrangements to be able to meet the best possible performance that they could render the human society. (Tanenbaum, 2006, 15) The introduction of the Internet systems to the world has been noted as one of the most successful breakthroughs that has been attempted, pursued and now fulfilled by the merging of science and technology in increasing the capability of human communication in connecting people together from a worldwide perspective. Years before the said introduction, people simply depended on snail mails and telephone calls to be able to communicate with their loved ones abroad. It could also be remembered that people who had lesser financial resource also have lesser chances of actually meeting foreign friends. Now, all those situations have already changed. The connection of people to people actually managed to step forward to the next level. Most likely enough, the situation of connecting humans from the different parts of the world has already been revolutionized through the development and continuous advancement of the Internet Systems. Certainly, the entire human systems now mostly depend on the said global connection. Economic and political arrangements are now much more effectively done through the adaptation of the said systems with the arrangements of the Internet instituted within the said human engagements. Overall, seeing the said Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-30826057502790531242019-11-17T00:47:00.001-08:002019-11-17T00:47:02.664-08:00Hard Rock Cafe Case Study Essay Example for Free Hard Rock Cafe Case Study Essay 1. When the Hard Rock Cafe opened up it first location in London, England in 1971, their strategy was based on expansion, placing their restaurants in areas with heavy tourism. In recent years, this strategy has changed in a few ways. First off they began putting social factors into play by each location. For instance, they have tweaked some of the menus to satisfy local taste. For example, in London, they have replaced much of the burgers and beef with seafood dishes. Secondly, instead of focusing on tourist locations like they used to do, the Hard Rock Cafe has begun to place establishments in areas where tourism isnââ¬â¢t as heavily counted on. 2. Product the menus at each Hard Rock location has been made up to fit the personalities of each region. As stated earlier, in London much of the burger and beef dishes in the England locations have been switched out with seafood dishes. Location when the Hard Rock Cafe first began expansion, they decided to place restaurants in locations that attracted heavy tourism. Decades later they decided to begin putting Hard Rock Cafeââ¬â¢s in locations that arent as heavily relied on by tourists. Inventory at each location, they began to sell merchandise unique to each location. About 48% of the cafeââ¬â¢s sales come from its merchandising. 3. The Hard Rock Cafe fits within the multidomestic strategy. Although it has become a recognized name by most people, it is still growing worldwide with them having 157 facilities in 57 countries. They have used this strategy by customizing both their product offering and market strategy to match different locations. For example in London cafe s, they offer seafood dishes over some of their hamburger and beef dishes that are offered elsewhere. Also in each location they have merchandise, such as; t-shirts, pins, and even shot glasses that are unique to that location Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8358466607966151956.post-62003805201575311002019-11-14T13:18:00.001-08:002019-11-14T13:18:04.312-08:00Problems And Preventions Of Ebola And AIDS :: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses have become of great concern all across the world in the last few decades. The most common and the most talked about killer virus is AIDS, a virus that starts out as HIV and then proceeds to develop into a immune breaker that ultimately kills its human host. So far, there is no cure for AIDS, and most unfortunately the numbers of deaths from AIDS only continues to grow. However, another virus has gained much public and national attention. That virus is called Ebola. It is thought that Ebola's effect on humans is restricted to Zaire, Africa. Viruses that kill people in large masses is a major threat to mankind; the only hopes of destroying the viruses is dependant upon technology. AIDS is a deadly disease that most people understand as a sexually transmitted disease. In fact, the virus can be transmitted sexually, but it can also be transmitted through blood transfusions. The fact that it can be transmitted sexually causes a great problem. Everyday, enormous amounts of people have sex--some people with different partners. People may have less sex than before because of the threat that the virus poses, but it has already started, and cannot be stopped until a cure is found. Unlike Ebola, AIDS was not detected as early as one would have hoped. The AIDS virus can stay dormant for over a decade before it is noticed as a real problem (Shenon 8). During that decade, the virus can spread like a wild fire. One person contracts the virus, transmits it to another, and another, and so on. As Shenon explains, AIDS became recognized as a real problem in the early seventies and was mostly concentrated in the United States and in Africa, but surprisingly it reached Asia a decade afterward. He goes on to explain that AIDS has spread exponentially in Asia. Thailand, recognized for its proliferation of prostitutes and illegal promotion of sex with children, could be held responsible for the tremendous outbreak of the virus in Asia, explains Shenon. He also points out that now that the virus has already broken out, Asia has the best AIDS prevention agenda in the world (8). For now the best prevention of AIDS that is available is education and protected sex. Until a cure is found for the ruthless virus, this is the only means of prevention that is available to the public. Ebola is one of the most rapidly fatal viruses on the planet and is believed to have begun somewhere in Zaire, Africa (Altman 3). There is no positive explanation as to how the virus is Jerald Shipmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04020509457795172292noreply@blogger.com0